Figure 6.

Role of AMPK activation on melatonin-mediated inhibition of ER stress. Cells in each group were treated for 12 h with 4 mmol/L Ox, 10 μmol/L MLT, and/or 5 μmol/L Cpd C 2HCl. (a) Western blot and corresponding histograms of DDIT3, GRP78, ATF6, PERK, p-PERK, IRE1, p-IRE1, XBP1s, caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, p-AMPK, and AMPK protein expression relative to GAPDH. Immunofluorescence detection of (b) DDIT3, (c) ATF6, (d) GRP78, (e) p-PERK and (f) p-IRE1 protein expression (200× magnification). Anti-rabbit IgG (H + L), F (ab’) 2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) output green fluorescence. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 versus the NC group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.0001 versus the Ox group; ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01, ^^^P < 0.001, ^^^^P < 0.0001 versus the Ox + MLT group; ns: not significant