Figure 4.

TAK1-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by TRIM31. (a): Western blot was used to determine the protein levels of TAK1 and p-TAK1. (b): Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. (c): The protein levels of cleaved-caspase-3, p-IKKβ and p-IκBα were measured by Western blot. (d): ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α. (e): Co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to examine the interaction between TRIM31 and TAK1. (f): The ubiquitin level of TAK1 was measured