Table 3.

Mixed Model Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Examining the Effects of Time (pre-COVID-19 [Feb. 2020] vs. early-COVID-19 [April-May 2020]) on Self-reported and Device-based Physical Activity by Ethnicity and Income.

Variable	Vigorous (min/week)				Moderate (min/week)				Walking (min/week)				Steps (counts/day)
	df	F	p	η2	df	F	p	η2	df	F	p	η2	df	F	p	η2
Time (WS)	1259	10.602	0.001	0.040	1255	16.686	0.000	0.062	1266	9.247	0.003	0.035	1132	5.716	0.018	0.042
Hispanic (BS)	1259	1.410	0.236	0.005	1255	0.109	0.742	0.000	1266	3.655	0.057	0.014	1132	1.291	0.258	0.010
Income (BS)	3259	2.335	0.074	0.027	3255	0.631	0.596	0.007	3266	0.844	0.471	0.010	3132	3.017	0.032	0.064
Time (WS) × Hispanic (BS)	1259	1.071	0.302	0.004	1255	0.694	0.405	0.003	1266	4.289	0.039	0.017	1132	0.129	0.720	0.001
Time (WS) × Income (BS)	3259	0.617	0.604	0.007	3255	1.203	0.309	0.014	3266	2.935	0.034	0.034	3132	3.075	0.030	0.065

n = 268 for vigorous, n = 264 for moderate, n = 265 for walking, and n = 143 for steps. η² = effect size (partial eta squared). WS = within-subject effect. BS = between-subject effect. Self-reported minutes of vigorous, moderate, and walking physical activity per week were assessed by the short-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Device-based step counts per day were assessed by the on-board accelerometer in participants’ personal smartphones. Vigorous, moderate, walking, and steps were cube root transformed to adjust for positive skew. Hispanic/Latino (vs. non-Hispanic/Latino), and annual household income ($12,500–$26,999, $27,000–$59,999, $60,000–$99,999, more than $100,000). All models adjust for the main effects and interactions of age (18–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60+ years), sex (male vs/ female), and weight status (underweight is <18.5 kg/m², normal weight is ≥18.5 kg/m² and <25 kg/m², overweight is ≥25 kg/m² and <30, obese is ≥30 kg/m²) with Time.