Table 4.
Acupuncture regulates the signaling pathways involved in redox modulation.
| References | Species/model | Pre/posttreatment | Acupoints | Acupuncture type | Parameter/manipulation | Course | Results of molecular expression | Mechanisms of antagonizing oxidative stress |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yang et al. [27] | Wistar rats Microemboli injection |
Posttreatment | ST36 | MA | Twirling reinforcing manipulation at a frequency of more than twice per second for 30 s at each point, once daily (1 day rest after 6 days of treatment) | 12 sessions, commenced at the 3rd day after surgery | ·oh↓ | Inhibiting activation of NF-κB/p53 oxidative stress |
| Cheng et al. [79] | SD rats MCAO/R |
Posttreatment | GV20 GV14 |
EA | 5 Hz 2.7-3 mA 25 min/day | 6 sessions, 6 consecutive days after surgery | iNOS↓ | Downregulation of astrocytic S100B expression and inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB/iNOS signaling pathway |
| Jin et al. [92] | SD rats MCAO/R |
Posttreatment | GV20 GV14 |
EA | 3 Hz 1–3 mA 30 min | One session, 2 h after surgery | GR, GSH, GSH-Px, GCS subunits (GCSh and GCSl)↑ | Activation of the ERK1/2/Nrf2/GCS antioxidant signaling pathway |
| Fang et al. [95] | C57BL6 mice MCAO/R |
Posttreatment | GV20 GV14 |
EA | 2/15 Hz 1-3 mA 15 min | One session, 2 h after surgery | GSH, GSH/GSSG↑, GSSG↓ | Activation of the Nrf2/GCS antioxidant signaling pathway |
| Chi et al. [62] | SD rats MCAO/R |
Posttreatment | GV20 GV14 |
EA | 2/15 Hz 1 mA 30 min | One session, 1 h after surgery | MDA↓ | Activation of parasympathetic nervous system and muscarinic-mediated pathway |
| Long et al. [26] | SD rats MCAO/R |
Pretreatment | GV20 BL23 SP6 |
EA | 2/100 Hz 1 mA 1 h | One session, before surgery | MDA, cytochrome C↓, GSH, SOD↑ | Inhibition of TRPV-1/p38 MAPK-mediated oxidative stress |
| Sun et al. [90] | C57BL/6 MCAO/R |
Pretreatment | GV20 | EA | 2/15 Hz 1 mA 30 min | One session, 2 h before surgery | Mn-SOD↑, O2−↓ | Activation of the CB1R-dependent STAT3/Mn-SOD signaling pathway |
| Shen et al. [94] | SD rats MCAO/R |
Pre/posttreatment | GV20 GV14 |
EA | EA pretreatment: 2/15 Hz 1-3 mA 30 min/day EA posttreatment: 2/15 Hz 1-3 mA 30 min |
EA pretreatment: 5 sessions, 5 consecutive days before surgery EA posttreatment: one session, commenced immediately after surgery |
GSH, GSH-Px, GCS subunits (GCSh and GCSl)↑ | Activation of the Nrf2/GCS antioxidant signaling pathway |
CB1R: cannabinoid receptor type 1; EA: electroacupuncture; ERK1/2: extracellular regulated kinase 1/2; GCS: glutamylcysteine synthetase; GCSh: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit; GCSl: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase light subunit; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MA: manual acupuncture; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO/R: middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion; MDA: malondialdehyde; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SD: Sprague-Dawley; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TRPV-1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1.