Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of three study groups.
| Variables | LLLT (n = 20) | HILT (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.4 ± 3.7 | 33.6 ± 4.5 | 32.8 ± 4.2 | 0.651 |
| Gender, M/F | 14/6 | 13/7 | 15/5 | 0.836 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 2.9 | 25.9 ± 2.5 | 26.2 ± 2.7 | 0.642 |
| LBP duration, months | 8.12 ± 3.5 | 7.94 ± 3.2 | 8.25 ± 3.7 | 0.961 |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Academic education | 6 (30) | 7 (35) | 5 (25) | 0.913 |
| Middle education | 10 (50) | 8 (40) | 9 (45) | |
| Primary education or less | 4 (20) | 5 (25) | 6 (30) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | ||||
| Employed | 10 (50) | 9 (45) | 11 (55) | 0.981 |
| Unemployed | 4 (20) | 5 (25) | 4 (20) | |
| Workers | 6 (30) | 6 (30) | 5 (25) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 16 (80) | 18 (90) | 15 (75) | 0.506 |
| Single | 4 (20) | 2 (10) | 5 (25) | |
Variables are presented as means ± standard deviations; significant at p value <0.05; M: males; F: females; BMI: body mass index; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; VAS: visual analogue scale; ROM: range of motion; EuroQol: European Quality of Life score.