Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and controls.
| T2DMG (n = 177) | CG (n = 146) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 65.6 ± 8.6 | 65.0 ± 9.1 | 0.520 |
| Gender | 0.070 | ||
| Female | 114 (64.4%) | 80 (54.7%) | |
| Male | 63 (35.5 %) | 66 (45.2%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasians | 149 (84.2%) | 139 (95.2%) | 0.440 |
| Mulatto/black | 26 (14.6%) | 5 (3.42%) | <0.010 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 29.2 ± 4.89 | 26.2 ± 3.10 | <0.010 |
| Waist circumference, cm (mean ± SD) | 99.7 ± 11.0 | 89.3 ± 10.0 | <0.010 |
| Menopause | 111 (95.6%) | 69 (86.2%) | 0.090 |
| Current smoking | 12 (6.77%) | 6 (4.10%) | 0.720 |
| Alcohol intake | 9 (5.08%) | NA | NA |
| Calcium intake, mg/day (mean ± SD) | 403 ± 3.5 | 651 ± 3.8 | <0.010 |
| Unhealthy diet | 78 (44%) | 43 (29.4%) | 0.020 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 154 (87.0%) | 35 (27.7%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 145 (82.0%) | 39 (30.3%) | <0.010 |
| Hypothyroidism | 50 (28.2%) | 16 (12.4%) | <0.001 |
| Complications | |||
| Any complications | 107 (60.4%) | NA | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 53 (29.9%) | NA | |
| Retinopathy | 52 (29.3%) | NA | |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 50 (28.2%) | NA | |
| Nephropathy | 45.0 (25.4%) | NA | |
| Treatment of diabetes | |||
| Metformin | 153 (86.4%) | NA | |
| Insulin plus oral agent | 98 (55.3 %) | NA | |
| Oral agent only | 56 (31.5 %) | NA | |
| Insulin only | 22 (12.4%) | NA | |
| Biochemical analysis | |||
| Glucose, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 162 ± 68.4 | 93 ± 18.5 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 1.18 ± 1.1 | 0.92 ± 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (MDRD), ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD) | 71.0 ± 19.0 | 78.0 ± 15.0 | <0.010 |
| Calcium, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 9.41 ± 0.9 | 9.38 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 171.6 ± 50.2 | NA | NA |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 154.1 ± 103.4 | NA | NA |
| LDL cholesterol mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 96.8 ± 39.1 | NA | NA |
| PTH, pg/mL (mean ± SD) | 72.7 ± 50.5 | NA | NA |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL (mean ± SD) | 29.6 ± 13.3 | NA | NA |
| Deficient (<20 ng/mL) | 80 (45.1%) | NA | NA |
| Insufficient (21 a 29 ng/mL) | 47 (26.6%) | NA | NA |
| Normal (≥30 ng/mL) | 50 (28.2%) | NA | NA |
| HbA1c (NGSP) (mean ± SD) | 8.5% ± 5.7 | NA | NA |
| Albuminuria (>30 mg/g·cr) | 49 (36.1%) | NA | NA |
Unhealthy dietary habits, <6 servings of fruits and vegetables/daily; statistical significance, p < 0.05. The data are described as absolute and relative (%) frequency or mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: T2DMG, diabetes mellitus group; CG, control group; BMI, body mass index; PTH, parathyroid hormone; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NGSP, national glycohemoglobin standardization program; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; mg/g Cr, milligram per gram of creatinine.