Table 3.
Variables associated with the presence or absence of sarcopenia in participants in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group (T2DMG).
| T2DMGS+ (n = 23) | T2DMGS− (n = 154) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 68.8 ± 11.0 | 65.1 ± 8.2 | 0.12 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 30.0 ± 4.7 | 29.1 ± 4.8 | 0.39 |
| Abnormal waist circumference | 14 (60.8%) | 8 (35.7%) | 0.54 |
| T2DM duration, years (mean ± SD) | 18.7 ± 9.9 | 14.9 ± 7.7 | 0.06 |
| Current smoking | 8 (35.7%) | 15 (65.2%) | 0.84 |
| Calcium intake, mg/day (mean ± SD) | 508.48 | 388.36 | 0.47 |
| Unhealthy diet | 15 (65.2%) | 63 (41.9%) | 0.01 |
| Calcium and vitamin D supplementation | 12 (52.1%) | 50 (32.4%) | 0.06 |
| Multivitamin supplementation | 4 (17.3%) | 19 (82.6%) | 0.08 |
| Hypertension | 18 (78.2%) | 5 (21.7%) | 0.62 |
| Hypothyroidism | 9 (39.1%) | 14 (26.6%) | 0.21 |
| Dyslipidemia | 18 (78.2%) | 5 (88.3%) | 0.18 |
| Depression | 3 (13.0%) | 20 (86.9%) | 0.70 |
| Arthrosis | 7 (30.4%) | 16 (69.5%) | 0.11 |
| COPD | 2 (8.69%) | 21 (91.3%) | 1.00 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4 (18.1%) | 18 (1.29%) | 0.50 |
| Retinopathy | 8 (35.7%) | 15 (65.2%) | 0.54 |
| Albuminuria | 11 (50%) | 38 (26%) | 0.02 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD) | 71.49 ± 24.74 | 68.40 ± 18.17 | 0.19 |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL (mean ± SD) | 27.6 ± 10.6 | 29.7 ± 13.4 | 0.51 |
| HbA1c, % (mean ± SD) | 7.9% ± 1.5 | 8.5% ± 6.1 | 0.41 |
| Gait speed, m/s (mean ± SD) | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 1.22 ± 0.3 | <0.010 |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 8 (34%) | 21 (14%) | 0.01 |
| Wrist fracture (%) | 4(17%) | 7 (4%) | 0.03 |
| HGS (kg) | 16.02 ± 5.68 | 27.75 ± 10.27 | <0.001 |
| ALM | 16.23 ± 5.04 | 20.92 ± 6.78 | <0.001 |
| ALM/BMI | 0.54 ± 0.12 | 0.73 ± 0.23 | <0.001 |
The information on associated diseases was retrospectively retrieved from medical records through the participants' medical history using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HGS, handgrip strength; ALM, appendicular lean mass; BMI, body mass index; T2DMGS+, T2DM patients with sarcopenia and T2DMGS−, T2DM patients without sarcopenia.