Table 1.

Example theoretical maximum AR (AR_max) and estimated optimality from values reported in literature, including necessary information needed to perform calculation.

Source	Ligand	Switch direction	${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{d}}^{\mathit{I}}$ (μM)	ARexp	Source of ARexp estimate	[I] at ARmax(μM)	$\mathit{A}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}}:\mathbf{1}+[\mathit{I}]/{\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{d}}^{\mathit{I}}$	Optimality: ARexp/ARmax
Tang and Breaker (1997b)	ATP	OFF	10a	180	Ribozyme cleavage products on gel	1000	101	1.78
Soukup and Breaker (1999a)	FMN	ON	0.5b	33	Ribozyme cleavage products on gel	20	40	0.83
Suess et al. (2004)	Theophylline	OFF	0.3c	8	Beta-galactosidase activity in B. subtilis	6000	17,650	0.0005
Wieland, Benz, Klauser, and Hartig (2009)	TPP	ON	0.32d	7.5	GFP fluorescence in E. coli	100	313	0.02
Kellenberger et al. (2013)	c-AMP-GMP	ON	4.2e	6.4	Spinach-DFHBI fluorescence in E. coli	100	25	0.26

$K_d^I$ estimates sourced from

^aSassanfar and Szostak (1993)

^bBurgstaller and Famulok (1994)

^cJenison, Gill, Pardi, and Polisky (1994)

^dLang, Rieder, and Micura (2007)

^eKellenberger et al. (2013)

^fBraselmann et al. (2018).

Full data for the optimality estimates presented in Figs. 4 and 5 may be found in Table S1 in the online version at https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.028.