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. 2020 Jun 18;45(4):307–322. doi: 10.1007/s10484-020-09477-w

Table 2.

Overall time and group effects and Cohen’s d (CId) within-group effect sizes for stress and stress-related symptoms

Variable Group Overall time effect Interaction time × group
F (dfM, dfR) p η² T0–1 T0–2 F (dfM, dfR) p η²
d CId (95%) d CId (95%)
TICS-SSCS HRV-Bfb 9.34 (2, 98) < 0.001 0.16 − 0.44 [− 1.1, 0.22] − 0.28 [− 0.93, 0.38] 0.57 (4, 98) 0.687 0.02
MBI − 0.48 [− 1.21, 0.24] − 0.26 [− 0.98, 0.46]
WLC − 0.37 [− 1, 0.28] 0.02 [− 0.62, 0.66]
SVF 120
 POS HRV-Bfb 2.81 (2, 98) 0.065 0.05 0.01 [− 0.65, 0.66] 0.25 [− 0.41, 0.9] 0.25 (4, 98) 0.908 0.01
MBI − 0.06 [− 0.78, 0.66] 0.06 [− 0.66, 0.77]
WLC − 0.14 [− 0.77, 0.5] 0.13 [− 0.51, 0.77]
 NEG HRV-Bfb 1.58 (2, 98) 0.211 0.03 0.02 [− 0.63, 0.67] − 0.05 [− 0.7, 0.61] 2.83 (4, 98) 0.029 0.1
MBI − 0.33 [− 1.05, 0.39] − 0.24 [− 0.96, 0.48]
WLC 0.09 [− 0.55, 0.72] 0.05 [− 0.59, 0.68]
HRV
 RMSSD
  RSA HRV-Bfb 2.82 (2, 98) 0.064 0.05 0.09 [− 0.56, 0.74] − 0.07 [− 0.73, 0.58] 0.3 (4, 98) 0.88 0.01
MBI 0.25 [− 0.47, 0.97] − 0.24 [− 0.96, 0.48]
WLC 0.26 [− 0.38, 0.9] − 0.04 [− 0.67, 0.6]
  Short-term HRV-Bfb 1.19 (1.48, 72.71) 0.3 0.02 0.12 [− 0.54, 0.77] 0.14 [− 0.52, 0.79] 0.28 (3, 72.7) 0.836 0.01
MBI 0.2 [− 0.52, 0.92] 0.21 [− 0.51, 0.92]
WLC 0.25 [− 0.39, 0.89] 0.16 [− 0.48, 0.8]
 SDNN
  RSA HRV-Bfb 3.26 (2, 98) 0.043 0.06 0.06 [− 0.59, 0.71] 0.07 [− 0.58, 0.73] 0.74 (4, 98) 0.566 0.03
MBI 0.38 [− 0.35, 1.1] − 0.15 [− 0.86, 0.57]
WLC 0.31 [− 0.33, 0.95] 0.05 [− 0.59, 0.68]
  Short-term HRV-Bfb 5.05 (1.55, 75.98) 0.015 0.09 0.4 [− 0.26, 1.06] 0.52 [− 0.14, 1.19] 1.14 (3.1, 75.98) 0.339 0.04
MBI − 0.06 [− 0.77, 0.66] 0.1 [− 0.61, 0.82]
WLC 0.39 [− 0.25, 1.03] 0.48 [− 0.16, − 1.13]
Cortisol HRV-Bfb 12.78 (2, 98) < 0.001 0.21 − 0.82 [− 1.5, − 0.14] − 0.05 [− 0.71, 0.6] 0.39 (4,98) 0.817 0.02
MBI − 1.56 [− 2.37, − 0.74] − 0.37 [− 1.09, 0.35]
WLC − 0.72 [− 1.38, − 0.07] 0.15 [− 0.49, 0.79]
BDI-II HRV-Bfb 10.49 (1.54, 75.39) < 0.001 0.18 − 0.62 [− 1.29, 0.05] − 0.05 [− 1.11, 0.21] 0.55 (3.08, 75.39) 0.654 0.02
MBI − 0.88 [− 1.62, − 0.13] − 0.86 [− 1.61, − 0.11]
WLC − 0.34 [− 0.98, 0.3] − 0.7 [− 1.36, − 0.05]
HEALTH-49 A HRV-Bfb 8.42 (2, 98) < 0.001 0.15 − 0.4 [− 1.06, 0.26] − 0.33 [− 0.98, 0.33] 0.61 (4, 98) 0.658 0.02
MBI − 0.32 [− 1.04, 0.4] − 0.44 [− 1.17, 0.28]
WLC − 0.18 [− 0.82, 0.46] − 0.42 [− 1.06, 0.22]
HEALTH-49 E HRV-Bfb 3.28 (2, 98) 0.042 0.06 − 0.2 [− 0.86, 0.45] − 0.06 [− 0.72, 0.59] 0.82 (4, 98) 0.513 0.03
MBI − 0.56 [− 1.29, 0.17] − 0.46 [− 1.18, 0.27]
WLC − 0.13 [− 0.76, 0.51] − 0.49 [− 1.14, 0.15]
FFA-14 HRV-Bfb 8 (2, 98) 0.001 0.14 0.24 [− 0.41, 0.9] 0.19 [− 0.46, 0.85] 3.27 (4, 98) 0.015 0.12
MBI 0.62 [− 0.11, 1.36] 0.86 [0.11, 1.6]
WLC − 0.18 [− 0.81, 0.46] 0.2 [− 0.44, 0.83]
SCS-D HRV-Bfb 6.05 (1.77, 86.9) 0.005 0.11 0.05 [− 0.6, 0.71] 0.24 [− 0.41, 0.9] 1.88 (3.55, 86.9) 0.129 0.07
MBI 0.54 [− 0.19, 1.26] 0.57 [− 0.16, 1.31]
WLC − 0.03 [− 0.67, 0.61] 0.1 [− 0.53, 0.74]

TICS-SSCS scale chronic stress of the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress, SVF 120 POS scale positive coping strategies of the stress-coping questionnaire, SVF 120 NEG scale negative coping strategies of the stress-coping questionnaire, HRV heart rate variability, RSA respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RMSSD root mean square of the squared differences of the RR intervals of successive heartbeats, SDNN standard deviation of the RR intervals, BDI-II Beck-depression inventory, HEALTH-49 A and HEALTH-49 E module A (psychological and somatoform complaints) and module E (restrictions on activity and participation) of the Hamburg Modules for the Assessment of Psychosocial Health in Clinical Practice, FFA 14 short version of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, SCS-D short German version of the of the self-compassion scale, HRV-Bfb heart rate variability-biofeedback (n = 18), MBI mindfulness-based intervention (n = 15), WLC wait-list-control-group (n = 19)