Table 1.
Predictors of Insomnia found in the literature.
| Author, year, country | Objectives | Methods | Predictors of Insomnia | Level of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoshioka et al. [1] 2013, Japan |
To investigate the combined risk of employment level and psychosocial work environment for insomnia. | Design: Longitudinal, 11 months follow up Participants: 5,946 Japanese male workers | Lower employment level | 2b |
| Mollayeva et al. [12] 2016, Canada |
To evaluate the prevalence of insomnia among Ontario workers with delayed recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 94 participants with traumatic brain injury |
Depression severity, previous head trauma, age, uses Tricyclic antidepressant, and wake-up time instability. | 4 |
| Garland et al. [13] 2018, Canada |
To characterize and compare the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the Canadian population in 2002 and 2012 and to identify sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of trouble sleeping. |
Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 57,207 adults from the general population |
Women aged 40–59 years | 4 |
| Chimluang et al. [14] 2017, Thailand |
Explore the characteristics of insomnia in persons with heart failure and identify the predictive factors of insomnia in patients with heart failure. | Design: Longitudinal, 6 months follow up Participants: Three hundred forty heart failure patients followed-up | Anxiety, depression, marital status (separated, divorced, and widowed), dyspnea, and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep | 2b |
| Halonen JI et al. [15] 2017, Finland |
To examine whether change in job strain leads to change in insomnia symptoms. | Design: Longitudinal, 12 years follow up Participants: 24,873 adults | Job strain | 2b |
| Fernandez Alonso et al. [16] 2012, Spain |
To assess the presence of insomnia and sleepiness and related factors in pregnancies |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 370 pregnant women in the late third trimester |
Smoking habit | 4 |
| Dørheim et al. [17] 2012, Norway |
To evaluate the prevalence possible risk factors for both insomnia and depressive symptoms simultaneously in pregnancy. |
Design: Longitudinal, 17 months Participants: 2,816 pregnant women in the last trimester |
Pelvic girdle pain and lower back, depressive symptoms and smoking. | 4 |
| Lallukka et al. [18] 2012, Finland |
To examine the associations of sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors with sleep duration and insomnia-related symptoms across life course. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 5,578 adults aged 30–79 years. |
Income and employment status | 4 |
| Jansson-Fröjmark et al. [19] 2012, Sweden |
To investigate whether pain and insomnia symptoms are bidirectionally related. |
Design: Longitudinal, 1-year follow-up Participants: 1746 individuals. |
Pain, anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms | 2b |
| Budhiraja et al. [20] 2012, USA |
To describe the prevalence of insomnia disorder and to elucidate the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with insomnia. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants:183 patients in patients with COPD. |
Smoking and presence of sadness/anxiety | 4 |
| Kızılırmak et al. [21] 2012, Turkey |
To investigate insomnia experienced and factors associated with it. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 486 pregnant women. |
Pregnant women in the third trimester who are over 20 years old. | 4 |
| Shaffer et al. [22] 2013, USA |
To estimate the association between Acute Coronary Syndrome induced Post-Traumatic Syndrome Disease symptoms and self-reported sleep. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 188 participants with acute coronary syndrome |
Acute Coronary Syndrome induced Post-Traumatic Syndrome Disease symptoms | 4 |
| Obayashi et al. [23] 2013, Japan |
To examine the effect of evening light exposure on subsequent sleep initiation in home settings |
Design: Longitudinal, 10 months follow-up Participants: 192 elderly |
Exposure to evening light in home settings. | 2b |
| Manber et al. [24] 2013, USA |
To assess clinically significant insomnia and its associated demographic and clinical characteristics. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 1289 pregnant latinas |
Low-income | 4 |
| Lopez et al. [25] 2013, USA |
To identify the associations of insomnia with epilepsy, comorbidities, and treatment-related variables. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 165 South Florida veterans |
Post-traumatic epilepsy, mood/psychotic comorbidities, and antiepileptic regimen. | 4 |
| Bahouq et al. [26] 2013, Morroco |
To assess prevalence and severity of insomnia and to identify factors associated with this insomnia. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 11 patients with chronic low back pain |
Back pain intensity and fatigue level | 4 |
| Wilsmore et al. [27] 2013, Australia |
To determine the relationship between sleep complaints, primary insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and lifestyle factors. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants 22,389 individuals in a large community-based sample. |
Night workers and use of sleep medication. | 4 |
| Desai et al. [28] 2013, USA |
To know about its prevalence and risk factors of insomnia. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 413 patients women receiving aromatase inhibitors with breast cancer |
Joint pain, hot flashes, anxiety and depression, age, and time since diagnosis in women receiving aromatase inhibitors | 4 |
| Obayashi et al. [29] 2014, Japan |
To evaluate an association between Light at night exposure and sleep quality in home settings. |
Design: Cross-sectional Participants: 857 participants |
Night exposure to light | 4 |
| Sakurai et al. [30] 2014, Japan |
To investigate the relationship between interpersonal conflict in the workplace and insomnia |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 37,646 Japanese full-time workers |
Workplace interpersonal conflict | 4 |
| Hall Brown et al. [31] 2014, USA |
To evaluate the contributions of demographics, trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, sleep fears, and neighborhood stress to both insomnia and short sleep. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 378 participants in urban African American young adults |
Posttraumatic stress symptom severity and fears of sleep. | 4 |
| Ayoube et al. [32] 2014, Egypt |
To determine the prevalence of insomnia and to assess some of the risk factors and comorbid conditions related to insomnia. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 380 elders among community dwelling elderly in Alexandria |
Number of chronic diseases, female gender, anxiety, watching television in bed before sleeping, depression, nocturia, and daily sunlight exposure. | 4 |
| Gindin et al. [33] 2014, Israel |
To assess insomnia and its correlates. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 4,156 elderly in long-term care |
Age, depression, stressful life events, fatigue, pain, and hypnosedative drug | 4 |
| Benbir et al. [34] 2014, Turkey |
To investigate the prevalence of insomnia and its sociodemographic and clinical correlates. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 5,021 participants from the general population-based |
Chronic disease, low-income, smoking status, time spent watching TV and black tea consumption in the evening. | 4 |
| Drake et al. [35] 2014, USA |
To assess sleep reactivity as a diathesis of insomnia, and to delineate the interaction between this diathesis and naturalistic stress in the development of insomnia among normal sleepers. | Design: Longitudinal, 3 years follow up Participants: 2,316 adults | Premorbid sleep reactivity and stressful events | 2b |
| Yang et al. [36] 2014, China |
To examine vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbances and maladaptive sleep beliefs and their interactions with major life stressors in the development of insomnia. |
Design: Longitudinal, 6 years follow up Participants: 528 undergraduate university students were recruited in 2006 and 192 in 2012 |
Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbances and maladaptive sleep beliefs | 2b |
| Morris et al. [37] 2015, Australia |
To assess the prevalence of insomnia in patients and caregivers calling a cancer helpline, and to describe the predictors of insomnia. |
Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 500 patients with cancer and 234 caregivers. |
For patients: being younger and reporting higher distress For caregivers: higher distress |
4 |
| Kim et al. [38] 2015, Corea |
To determine the risk factors associated with clinical insomnia in chronic neck pain (CNP) patients. |
Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants 218 Chronic neck pain patients |
Pain intensity, comorbid musculoskeletal pain, and a high level of depression. | 4 |
| Canham et al. [39] 2014, USA |
To examine the association between binge drinking and insomnia |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 6,027 participants aged 50 years and older |
Binge drinking | 4 |
| Jung HS et al. [40] 2016, South Korea |
This study aims to investigate demographic, work-related and health-related factors relevant to functional dyspepsia and insomnia in shift-working nurses in South Korea. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 1,431 shift-working nurses |
Female gender, night shift work, work-related stress and regular dietary patterns a in shift-working nurses. | 4 |
| Kiełbasa G et al. [41] 2016, Poland |
To estimate the relationship between the presence of metabolic syndrome and sleep disorders among a group of hypertensive patients. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 261 hypertensive patients |
Female gender, poor material status, ageing, combination therapy (more than 3 medications), nocturia, lower limbs tingling sensations before sleep, food intake before sleep or during a night, thiazide diuretic use and hypothyroidism | 4 |
| Simonelli et al. [42] 2016, EUA |
To evaluate whether an adverse neighborhood environment has higher prevalence of poor sleep in a US Hispanic/Latino population |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 2,156 US Hispanic/Latino people |
Noisy neighborhood. | 4 |
| Kim et al. [43] 2016, Korea |
To investigate the association between insomnia and probable migraine in comparison with migraine using data from the Korean Headache-Sleep Study |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants 2,695 participants of the Korean Headache-Sleep Study |
Anxiety, depression, headache frequency and headache intensity. | 4 |
| Laks J et al. [44] 2016, Brazil |
This study provides the first broad, population-based account of caregiving-related health outcome burden in Brazil. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 10,853 caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients |
Caregiving for Alzheimer’s patients | 4 |
| Lee DH et al. [45] 2016, South Korea |
To determine the risk factors associated with clinical insomnia anxiety in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) patients. |
Design: Cross-sectional Participants: 111 PHN patients. |
High pain intensity, presence of mechanical allodynia and high anxiety and depression level | 4 |
| Taylor et al. [46] 2016, EUA |
To determine the prevalence, correlates, and predictors of insomnia in US Army personnel prior to deployment |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 4,101 US Army personnel |
Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, fatigue, stressful life events, headaches, anxiety, alcohol use problems, extremity pain, history of head injury, childhood physical neglect, back pain, number of times married, and lower leader support/unit cohesion and tangible social support. | 4 |
| Wang et al. [47] 2016, China | To examine the epidemiology of sleep problems and insomnia among the community older individuals in Hebei Province, China, and to investigate the potential sociodemographic and clinical correlates and medication use |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 3,176 community older adults |
Age ≥75 years, depression, comorbidities (mild cognitive impairment, cerebral hemorrhage and hyperlipidemia) and living with others. | 4 |
| Chen et al. [48] 2017, China |
To examine the independent and combined associations of physical activity and smoking on the incidence of doctor-diagnosed insomnia |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 12,728 participants aged 18 years or older |
Inactive adults and smokers. | 4 |
| Ahmed et al. [49] 2017, Saudi Arabia |
To determine the prevalence of insomnia among the Saudi adult population |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 2,095 adults from the general population |
Female, Non-educated, age (60+ years and 30–59 years). | 4 |
| Rutten et al. [50] 2017, Amsterdam |
To test two hypotheses: i) insomnia predicts an increase in symptoms of depression or anxiety and ii) anxiety or depression at baseline predicts insomnia in Parkinson’s Disease patients six months later. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 361 Parkinson’s Disease patients |
Symptoms of anxiety and depression predict future insomnia in unmedicated early-stage Parkinson’s disease patients | 4 |
| Andreeva et al. [51] 2017, French |
To assess the association of 3 different anthropometric indices with acute and chronic insomnia |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 13,389 volunteers |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and waist-to-hip ratio | 4 |
| Da Costa et al. [52] 2017, Canada |
To identify factors associated with insomnia following a myocardial infarction |
Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 209 patients following a myocardial infarction |
younger age, use of prescribed medication for sleep, elevated depressive symptoms and greater dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. | 4 |
| Mondal et al. [53] 2018, India |
To study the prevalence of sleep disorders and the severity of insomnia in psychiatric outpatients |
Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 500 psychiatric outpatients |
Depression | 4 |
| Ma et al. [54] 2018, China |
To measure the prevalence of insomnia and identify the of insomnia among older people of Anhui Province of China. Socio-economic correlates |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 3,045 older adults |
No fixed income, less social contact, less social capital and living alone. | |
| Skarpsno et al. [55] 2018, Norway |
To investigate the association of physical work demands and work-related physical fatigue with risk of insomnia symptoms and if these associations are influenced by chronic musculoskeletal pain. |
Design: Longitudinal, 11 year Participants: 36,984 Norway inhabitants |
Women with excessive work-related fatigue and chronic pain | 4 |
| Guo et al. [56] 2018, China |
To investigate the gender differences in the relationship between alcohol consumption and insomnia. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 8,081 adults in Jidong community |
Heavy alcohol consumption in females | 4 |
| Smith et al. [57] 2018, USA | To describe the dynamics of poor sleep among participants of the Midlife Women’s Health Study and to identify risk factors associated with poor sleep during the menopausal transition. |
Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: 776 women in the menopausal transition |
Menopause status, Depression frequency and history of smoking. | 4 |
| Román-Gálvez et al. [58] 2018, Spain |
To quantify insomnia and their components in a longitudinal cohort of pregnant women and factors associated with insomnia. |
Design: Longitudinal. Participants: 486 pregnant women before the 14th gestational week |
Previous trimester insomnia, pre-gestational insomnia and obesity | 4 |