Table 3.
Adjusted Associations between Food Insecurity and Alcohol, Cocaine, and Opioid Use in Regression Models
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Food Insecurity1 | ||||||
| Secure | Reference | 0.8518 | Reference | 0.0503 | Reference | 0.0258 |
| Insecure | 1.06 (0.59, 1.87) | 1.95 (1.00, 3.81) | 2.50 (1.12, 5.58) | |||
| Age, 1 yr increase | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.7808 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.9889 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.2130 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Reference | 0.4060 | Reference | 0.0448 | Reference | 0.4526 |
| Female | 1.30 (0.70, 2.42) | 0.50 (0.25, 0.98) | 0.75 (0.35, 1.59) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Black/African | Reference | 0.7656 | Reference | 0.0295 | Reference | 0.0214 |
| American | ||||||
| White | 1.05 (0.46, 2.42) | 2.32 (0.88, 6.09) | 3.26 (1.29, 8.23) | |||
| Hispanic | 0.78 (0.37, 1.66) | 0.73 (0.28, 1.86) | 2.47 (1.06, 5.74) | |||
| Other | 1.68 (0.41, 6.96) | 4.18 (1.08, 16.20) | 0.49 (0.09, 2.67) | |||
| HIV Viral Load (copies/mL) | ||||||
| <200 | 1.02 (0.47, 2.23) | 0.9550 | 0.92 (0.39, 2.15) | 0.8467 | 0.49 (0.20, 1.21) | 0.1193 |
| 200+ | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| CD4 Count (cells/microliter) | ||||||
| <200 | Reference | 0.7348 | Reference | 0.3796 | Reference | 0.5396 |
| 200–<500 | 1.12 (0.36, 3.57) | 0.53 (0.18, 1.58) | 0.64 (0.25, 1.67) | |||
| 500+ | 0.88 (0.28, 2.76) | 0.47 (0.16, 1.37) | 1.00 (0.37, 2.70) | |||
| How many people spend time with are heavy/problem drinkers | 0.0128 | 0.0001 | 0.0330 | |||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| A few | 1.85 (1.02, 3.36) | 4.66 (2.25, 9.63) | 2.69 (1.22, 5.95) | |||
| About half or more | 3.59 (1.49, 8.66) | 4.31 (1.62, 11.41) | 3.09 (1.18, 8.10) | |||
| Homeless2 | ||||||
| No | Reference | 0.6053 | Reference | 0.5205 | Reference | 0.0147 |
| Yes | 1.22 (0.57, 2.63) | 1.33 (0.56, 3.16) | 2.74 (1.22, 6.15) | |||
| Drug dependence3 | ||||||
| No | Reference | 0.0031 | ||||
| Yes | 2.65 (1.39, 5.06) | |||||
| Alcohol dependence3 | ||||||
| No | Reference | 0.0395 | Reference | 0.8050 | ||
| Yes | 2.17 (1.04, 4.53) | 0.89 (0.34, 2.30) |
Note: adjusted for all covariates in the table
1
measured by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, score ≥2 is food insecure. Measured over 4-week timeframe
2
1+ nights on street or in shelter past 6 months
3
Any drug dependence or alcohol dependence in a 12-month period measured on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview