Table 4.

Adjusted Associations, without Drug Dependence, between Food Insecurity and Alcohol Use and Adjusted Associations, without Alcohol Dependence, between Food Insecurity and Cocaine and Opioid Use.

	ALCOHOL: Adjusted, without Drug Dependence		COCAINE: Adjusted, without Alcohol Dependence		OPIOID: Adjusted, without Alcohol Dependence
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Food Insecurity¹
Secure	Reference	0.3972	Reference	0.0387	Reference	0.0292
Insecure	1.27 (0.73, 2.22)		1.97 (1.04, 3.76)		2.45 (1.09, 5.48)
Age, 1 yr increase	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	0.8719	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)	0.9725	1.03 (0.99, 1.07)	0.2047
Sex
Male	Reference	0.6454	Reference	0.0752	Reference	0.4622
Female	1.15 (0.64, 2.07)		0.54 (0.27, 1.07)		0.75 (0.35, 1.61)
Race/ethnicity
Black/African	Reference	0.7662	Reference	0.0566	Reference	0.0199
American
White	1.11 (0.50, 2.48)		2.24 (0.91, 5.51)		3.31 (1.31, 8.34)
Hispanic	0.79 (0.38, 1.66)		0.72 (0.27, 1.88)		2.51 (1.08, 5.86)
Other	1.55 (0.45, 5.33)		3.21 (0.85, 12.13)		0.51 (0.09, 2.76)
HIV Viral Load (copies/mL)
<200	0.89 (0.43, 1.85)	0.7489	0.91 (0.39, 2.09)	0.8213	0.49 (0.20, 1.20)	0.1177
200+	Reference		Reference		Reference
CD4 Count (cells/microliter)	Reference	0.7285	Reference	0.3658	Reference	0.5499
<200	1.05 (0.37, 2.96)		0.55 (0.20, 1.52)		0.65 (0.25, 1.69)
200–<500	0.82 (0.29, 2.33)		0.49 (0.18, 1.33)		1.00 (0.37, 2.72)
500+
How many people spend time with are heavy/problem drinkers		0.0025		<0.0001		0.0274
None	Reference		Reference		Reference
A few	2.09 (1.17, 3.73)		4.89 (2.34, 10.19)		2.64 (1.22, 5.67)
About half or more	4.13 (1.78, 9.54)		4.81 (1.88, 12.32)		3.01 (1.20, 7.54)
Homeless²
No	Reference	0.2797	Reference	0.2592	Reference	0.0150
Yes	1.51 (0.71, 3.20)		1.60 (0.71, 3.63)		2.69 (1.21, 5.97)

Note: adjusted for all covariates in the table, as noted above

measured by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, score ≥2 is food insecure. Measured over 4-week timeframe

1+ nights on street or in shelter past 6 months