Table 2.
Characteristics of the case-control studies
| Author (year) | Region | Cases/controls | Offspring agea, y | GWG assessment | ASD confirmation | GWG guidelines | Risk estimates compared with recommended GWG (referent) | Adjusted covariates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excessive GWG | Inadequate GWG | ||||||||
| Qiu (2018) | China | 36/72 | 1.5–5 | Self-report | ASD ascertained by DSM-IV | 2009 IOM guidelines | OR (95% CI): 1.11 (0.36–3.27) | OR (95% CI): 0.73 (0.29–1.80) | Parents with overweight/obesity, maternal age, birth weight, gestational age, and folic acid supplementation |
| Shen (2018) | China | 705/2,236 | 2–9 | Self-report | ASD ascertained by DSM-IV | Modified 2009 IOM guidelines for Chinese population | OR (95% CI): 1.33 (1.02–1.73) | OR (95% CI): 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | Gender of child, age of child, parental age, and family annual income |
| Windham (2018) | USA | 540/776 | 2–5 | Self-report | ASD identified by previous diagnosis; with a SCQ score of 11 or higher; ascertained by clinician during inperson assessment | 2009 IOM guidelines | OR (95% CI): 1.29 (1.00–1.66) | OR (95% CI): 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | Maternal age, parity, race/ethnicity, and smoking |
| Ling (2015) | China | 181/181 | 1–5 | Self-report confirmed by hospital data monitor system or prenatal health handbook | ASD ascertained by DSM-IV | 2009 IOM guidelines | OR (95% CI): 1.64 (1.21–2.21) | Not reported | Maternal education level, maternal age, number of births, threatened miscarriage, prenatal nutritional status, history of diseases, and drug use. |
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; ASD, Autism spectrum disorder; BMI, body mass index; CABS, Clancy Autism Behavior Scale; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GWG, gestational weight gain; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; IOM, Institute of Medicine OR, odds ratio; SCQ, Social communication questionnaire.
a
Range of age was reported.