Table 1.

A list of representative bacterial nucleomodulins and their potential mode of action inside host cell nuclei.

Sr. No.	Name of Protein	Organism	Function (TSS)
	Plant Host
1	VIRE2 [97]	A. tumefaciens	It is involved in host nuclear uptake of bacterial ssDNA element known as transferred DNA and results in DNA transformation (T4SS).
2	VirE3 [27]	A. tumefaciens	Plant transcriptional activator (T4SS).
3	VirD5 [86]	A. tumefaciens	VirD5 is known to have a dual function. It acts as a transcriptional activator and regulates host gene expression, it also prevents the degradation of coat proteins of the bacterial T-complex through the host's ubiquitin proteasome system [86] (T4SS).
4	T-DNA border endonuclease virD2 [60]	A. tumefaciens	It is involved in the cleavage of unique sites within T-DNA of bacteria and involves the transfer and integration of particular segments (T-DNA) of the Ti plasmid DNA into host. T4SS effector (T4SS).
5	Protein VirF [80]	A. tumefaciens	In the host cell, VirF is involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteoasomal degradation of target proteins. It is also involved in T-DNA translocation and is essential for tumor formation in some plant species (T4SS).
6	Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) effectors [38]	Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae	Functions as a transcription factor in rice plant cells (T3SS).
7	XopD [36]	X. campestris	Interferes with host proteins regulation by mimicking host SUMO isopeptidase (T3SS).
8	AvrXa7 [89]	Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae	Bind to host double-stranded DNA and affects transcriptional machinery (T3SS).
9	HsvG [14]	Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (Pag)	DNA binding protein that controls expression of host gene HSVGT (T3SS).
10	HsvB [14]	Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (Pag)	Act as a transcriptional activator (T3SS).
11	HopAI1 [14]	Pseudomonas syringae	Proposed to Affect host gene expression by modulating post-translational modification of histones (T3SS).
12	PopP2 [14]	Ralstonia solanacearum	Modulates host cell gene transcription (T3SS)
	Animal Host
13	SET Domain protein (The Chlamydia nuclear effector (NUE)) [65]	Chlamydia trachomatis	Leads to host cell chromatin modification (T3SS).
14	hypothetical protein CT311 [53]	Chlamydia trachomatis	?? (sec‑dependent pathway)
15	Nuclear Effector AnkA [26]	Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Binds to host AT rich DNA and affects transcription of antimicrobial defense genes in granulocytes [71] (T4SS)
16	p200 [95]	Ehrlichia spp.	Binds to adenine-rich DNA and affects host cell gene transcription (T1SS).
17	TRP32 [25]	E. chaffeensis	Binds to G rich motif of host DNA and modulates gene transcription (T1SS).
18	TRP47 [46]	E. chaffeensis	Enters host nucleus through MYND binding domain and regulates transcription of essential genes (T1SS).
19	TRP120 [94]	E. chaffeensis	Binds to GC-rich motif and shows transcriptional activator activity (T1SS)
16	OspF [4]	Shigella flexneri	Affects histone protein phosphorylation and host immunity-related genes expression (T3SS).
17	OspB [99]	Shigella flexneri	Modulates MAP Kinase pathway and affects host inflammatory response (T3SS).
18	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ipaH9.8 [5]	S. flexneri	Affect Nf-kB-mediated inflammatory response (T3SS).
19	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SspH1 [31]	Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium	Inhibits Nf-kB associated genes (T3SS).
20	Cycle inhibiting factor (Cif) [41]	E. coli	Induces accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, and inhibits cell cycle at the both G1/S, G2/M phases (T3SS).
21	EspF [21]	Entero-pathogenic E. coli	Disrupts host cell nucleolus and many other cellular events (T3SS).
22	YopM [7]	Y. pestis	Interacts with p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) and helps in virulence (T3SS).
23	Uncharacterized protein (CifYp) [19]	Y. pseudotuberculosis	Cell Cycle inhibiting factors (T3SS).
24	CifBp [68]	Burkholderia pseudomallei	Cell Cycle inhibiting factors (T3SS).
25	BtSET [23]	Burkholderia thailandensis	Induces methylation of host cell chromatin H3K4 protein and activates ribosomal DNA transcription (T3SS).
26	CifPl [10]	Photorhabdus luminescens	Cell cycle inhibiting factors (T3SS).
27	BaSET [23]	B. anthracis	Targets host cell histone protein H1
28	RomA [23]	Legionella pneumophila	Leads to methylation of histone H3 Lys 14 (T4SS).
29	AnkH [84]	L. pneumophila	Interferes with host cell transcription (T4SS).
30	AnkX [91]	L. pneumophila	Interacts with host nuclear protein PLEKHN1, manipulating inflammation (T4SS).
31	SnpL [74]	L. pneumophila	Targets host RNA polymerase II and regulates host gene expression (T4SS)
32	LntA [50]	Listeria monocytogenes	Targets host cell chromatin repressor BAHD1 and stimulates interferon genes.
33	SuAT1 [77]	Theileria annulata (Protozoa)	Function as a DNA binding protein with the ability to alter host cell phenotype.
34	Rv2966c [76]	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Interacts with host chromatin and affects gene expression.
35	Rv1988 [90]	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Interacts with host chromatin and affects histone methylation.
36	serine/threonine phosphatase (SP-STP) [1]	Streptococcus pyogenes	Induces apoptosis in infected cells.
37	HP0425 [47]	Helicobacter pylori	DNAse activity.