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. 2020 Nov 5;10:19110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75622-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Artificial light results in an extended twilight. Changes in melanopic illuminance in the evening for a natural sunset (yellow line), compared with home lighting. Individual homes are shown as gray curves, averaged across nights and smoothed with a 3-h moving average, ending with a gray dot at the individual’s average bedtime. The blue lines show the median (thick solid line), interquartile range (thin solid lines), and the 10th and 90th percentiles (dashed lines) for homes before bedtime.