Table 2.
Sampling location, habitat condition and genetic diversity measures (number of alleles per locus, Aa; observed heterozygosity, Ho; expected heterozygosity, He; and allelic richness, Rs) and inbreeding coefficient (FIS) of the 39 populations of R. apiculata from Peninsular Malaysia.
| No | Population (Code) | Habitat conditiona | State | N | Latitude | Longitude | Genetic diversity measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | Ho | He | Rs | FIS | |||||||
| 1 | Kubang Badak (KBa) | Developed | Kedah | 30 | 06°24' | 99°43' | 2.7 | 0.219 | 0.261 | 2.30 | 0.161* |
| 2 | Kisap (Kis) | Undisturbed | Kedah | 30 | 06°23' | 99°51' | 4.3 | 0.321 | 0.404 | 3.19 | 0.207* |
| 3 | Dayang Bunting (DBu) | Undisturbed | Kedah | 29 | 06°13' | 99°49' | 4.0 | 0.242 | 0.436 | 3.17 | 0.450* |
| 4 | Merbok (Mer) | Developed | Kedah | 28 | 05°40' | 100°23' | 2.7 | 0.278 | 0.290 | 2.32 | 0.044* |
| 5 | Balik Pulau (BPu) | Developed | Pulau Pinang | 28 | 05°18' | 100°11' | 2.6 | 0.234 | 0.247 | 2.13 | 0.054* |
| 6 | Pulau Gula (PGu) | Undisturbed | Perak | 30 | 04°55' | 100°29' | 2.9 | 0.312 | 0.322 | 2.34 | 0.029 |
| 7 | Teluk Kertang (TKe) | Logged | Perak | 30 | 04°50' | 100°38' | 3.0 | 0.305 | 0.327 | 2.39 | 0.071 |
| 8 | Trong (Tro) | Developed | Perak | 30 | 04°42' | 100°41' | 2.8 | 0.250 | 0.308 | 2.31 | 0.191* |
| 9 | Sungai Tinggi (STi) | Undisturbed | Perak | 30 | 04°35' | 100°40' | 2.9 | 0.274 | 0.301 | 2.24 | 0.091 |
| 10 | Sungai Batang (SBa) | Developed | Perak | 28 | 03°50' | 100°46' | 3.1 | 0.194 | 0.302 | 2.43 | 0.363* |
| 11 | Banjar Utara (BUt) | Developed | Selangor | 29 | 03°21' | 101°14' | 3.0 | 0.227 | 0.281 | 2.35 | 0.193* |
| 12 | Pulau Klang (PKl) | Logged | Selangor | 26 | 03°03' | 101°19' | 3.4 | 0.366 | 0.375 | 2.86 | 0.025 |
| 13 | Pulau Ketam (PKe) | Developed | Selangor | 26 | 03°01' | 101°15' | 4.6 | 0.358 | 0.478 | 3.63 | 0.256* |
| 14 | Pulau Tengah (PTe) | Undisturbed | Selangor | 29 | 02°58' | 101°14' | 3.7 | 0.409 | 0.395 | 2.87 | -0.035 |
| 15 | Pulau Pintu Gedong (PPi) | Undisturbed | Selangor | 29 | 02°56' | 101°15' | 3.7 | 0.353 | 0.355 | 2.83 | 0.007 |
| 16 | Pulau Che Mat Zin (PCh) | Undisturbed | Selangor | 28 | 02°58' | 101°17' | 3.6 | 0.377 | 0.386 | 2.89 | 0.022 |
| 17 | Telok Gedong (TGe) | Logged | Selangor | 31 | 02°58' | 101°22' | 3.6 | 0.322 | 0.364 | 2.76 | 0.118* |
| 18 | Sepang Besar (SBe) | Developed | Selangor | 26 | 02°40' | 101°44' | 3.2 | 0.369 | 0.392 | 2.77 | 0.061* |
| 19 | Sepang Kecil (SKe) | Developed | Selangor | 28 | 02°37' | 101°40' | 3.1 | 0.339 | 0.376 | 2.68 | 0.101* |
| 20 | Jimah (PBJ) | Undisturbed | Negeri Sembilan | 30 | 02°36' | 101°43' | 3.5 | 0.405 | 0.411 | 2.94 | 0.017 |
| 21 | Sungai Linggi (SLi) | Undisturbed | Negeri Sembilan | 30 | 02°23' | 101°59' | 3.7 | 0.456 | 0.463 | 3.07 | 0.019 |
| 22 | Pulau Besar (PBe) | Developed | Melaka | 9 | 02°06' | 102°19' | 2.9 | 0.404 | 0.455 | 2.91 | 0.118* |
| 23 | Merlimau Tambahan (MTa) | Developed | Melaka | 30 | 02°07' | 102°25' | 3.9 | 0.483 | 0.473 | 3.20 | -0.023 |
| 24 | Muar (Mua) | Developed | Johor | 30 | 01°58' | 102°36' | 4.5 | 0.370 | 0.503 | 3.44 | 0.268* |
| 25 | Pulau Kukup (PKu) | Developed | Johor | 29 | 01°19' | 103°26' | 4.6 | 0.373 | 0.498 | 3.61 | 0.256* |
| 26 | Tanjung Piai (TPi) | Developed | Johor | 29 | 01°16' | 103°30' | 3.7 | 0.423 | 0.467 | 3.11 | 0.096* |
| 27 | Sungai Pulai (SPu) | Undisturbed | Johor | 30 | 01°26' | 103°35' | 3.7 | 0.404 | 0.474 | 3.07 | 0.150* |
| 28 | Pulau Juling (PJu) | Undisturbed | Johor | 30 | 01°30' | 104°00' | 2.9 | 0.328 | 0.366 | 2.49 | 0.106* |
| 29 | Endau (End) | Undisturbed | Pahang | 30 | 02°45' | 103°30' | 2.7 | 0.312 | 0.370 | 2.36 | 0.159* |
| 30 | Kuantan (PBK) | Developed | Pahang | 30 | 03°47' | 103°18' | 2.5 | 0.273 | 0.323 | 2.16 | 0.157* |
| 31 | Peramu (Per) | Developed | Pahang | 30 | 03°48' | 103°20' | 2.8 | 0.310 | 0.369 | 2.33 | 0.165* |
| 32 | Balok (Bal) | Undisturbed | Pahang | 30 | 03°56' | 103°22' | 2.5 | 0.274 | 0.312 | 2.16 | 0.123 |
| 33 | Cherating (Che) | Developed | Pahang | 30 | 04°07' | 103°23' | 2.8 | 0.302 | 0.329 | 2.25 | 0.085* |
| 34 | Kuala Kemaman (KKe) | Developed | Terengganu | 30 | 04°17' | 103°24' | 2.4 | 0.226 | 0.284 | 2.07 | 0.205* |
| 35 | Kuala Paka (KPa) | Undisturbed | Terengganu | 30 | 04°38' | 103°24' | 2.3 | 0.292 | 0.319 | 2.12 | 0.085* |
| 36 | Sungai Pimpin (SPi) | Undisturbed | Terengganu | 30 | 04°47' | 103°24' | 2.6 | 0.303 | 0.312 | 2.21 | 0.031 |
| 37 | Merchang (Mrc) | Logged | Terengganu | 28 | 05°01' | 103°18' | 3.6 | 0.256 | 0.399 | 2.87 | 0.363* |
| 38 | Kuala Terengganu (KTe) | Developed | Terengganu | 30 | 05°16' | 103°09' | 2.6 | 0.309 | 0.343 | 2.31 | 0.101* |
| 39 | Pengkalan Gelap (PGe) | Undisturbed | Terengganu | 30 | 05°40' | 102°43' | 2.7 | 0.314 | 0.327 | 2.32 | 0.042 |
| 1,120 | 3.2 | 0.299 | 0.352 | ||||||||
aLogged logged over for firewood, charcoal production and construction, Developed development for human settlement, aquaculture, ecotourism, road construction and land use for plantation, and Undisturbed undisturbed population.
*Significant at 95% confidence interval.