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. 2020 Nov 5;11:5477. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19084-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Shaded relief map of the Toluca area is shown with sampling locations of 4 eruptions analyzed in this study marked by colored stars. Red star: Upper Toluca Pumice (UTP), purple: Middle Toluca Pumice (MTP), green: Block and Ash Flow (BAF28) and white: White Quarry Pyroclastic Flow (WQ). The inset on the far right shows the long-term 1.5 Ma eruptive history of Nevado de Toluca and division into eruptive episodes based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-geochronology³⁹. The young pyroclastic sequence (PD) is shown as composite stratigraphic column, with indicated age relations of the eruptions based on radiocarbon dating^36,37. The studied eruptions are marked by colored stars in the stratigraphic column. Inset on the top left shows the location of Mexico City (MC) and Guadalajara (Gdl), as well as the position of major volcanic centers (triangles) in the Neogene to recent Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt after ref. ⁶⁸. Ce: Ceboruco, Tq: Tequila, Co: Colima, MG: Michoacán-Guanajuato, NT: Nevado de Toluca, P: Popocatépetl, Or: Pico de Orizaba. Dashed lines in the inset indicate the inferred depth of the subduction slab⁶⁹.