Table 2.

Factors associated with increased fall risk among DPN patients (n=146).

	Model 1†			Model 2‡
	OR	95% CI	p-value§	OR	95% CI	p-value§
Socio-demographic status
Age	1.05	(0.99, 1.12)	0.108	–		–
Gender, female	2.99	(1.10, 7.53)	0.020	–		–
Ethnicity, Indian	1.66	(0.58, 4.73)	0.346	–		–
Marital status, not married	1.83	(0.80, 4.19)	0.155	–		–
Education, primary or below	2.66	(1.16, 6.10)	0.021	–		–
Working status, unemployed	4.18	(1.58, 11.0)	0.004	2.75	(0.68, 11.14)	0.156
Housing, 3-room apartment or smaller	2.35	(1.02, 5.43)	0.045	–		–
Health measures
BMI (kg/m2)	1.11	(1.03, 1.19)	0.004	1.12	(0.99, 1.26)	0.071
HbA1c (%)	1.14	(0.92, 1.41)	0.237	–		–
Diabetes duration (years)	1.07	(1.03, 1.11)	0.001	1.14	(1.05, 1.23)	0.001
High blood pressure	4.50	(1.28, 15.79)	0.019	–		–
High cholesterol	1.99	(0.75, 5.29)	0.167	–		–
Heart disease	1.58	(0.64, 3.87)	0.322	–		–
Arthritis	2.51	(0.84, 7.49)	0.098	–		–
Walking per week (min)	0.97	(0.94, 1.00)	0.036	–		–
Functional measures
Health utility score (per 0.01 unit)	0.92	(0.89, 0.96)	<0.001	0.96	(0.91, 1.01)	0.109
Total ABC	0.93	(0.91, 0.95)	<0.001	0.91	(0.88, 0.95)	<0.001
Functional reach	0.87	(0.81, 0.93)	<0.001	0.92	(0.83, 1.01)	0.085
Body sway velocity	1.24	(0.91, 1.69)	0.175	–		–
Ankle dorsiflexion strength	0.88	(0.76, 1.01)	0.065	–		–
Great toe extensor strength	0.65	(0.49, 0.86)	0.003	0.67	(0.42, 1.07)	0.093

ABC, activities-based balance confidence; BMI, body mass index; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; SD, standard deviation.

^†Model 1: Crude models.

^‡Model 2: Adjusted model, stepwise forward and backward selections. Variables considered: gender, education, working status, housing status, BMI, diabetes duration, high blood pressure, walking per week, health utility score, total ABC, functional reach and great toe extensor strength (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p-value: 0.362).

^§Bold text indicates a statistically significant difference with a p < 0.05.