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. 2020 Oct 23;11:592325. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592325

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schistosoma mansoni eggs induce increased IFN-γ and decreased Th2 responses when injected into the intestine compared to the footpad. (A, B) Lymph node IFN-γ+ and IL-4+ CD4+ T cell responses in naïve mice or 5 days after the injection of 2,500 S. mansoni eggs or PBS in the footpad or intestinal subserosa (n = 5 mice per group, combined data from three independent experiments; mean ± SEM; unpaired t-tests compare LN responses within each experimental group; ***p ≤ 0.001). (C) Ratio of IFN-γ+ and IL-4+ CD4+ T cell responses after S. mansoni egg injection from data shown in (B) (mean ± SEM; unpaired t-test compares LN responses; **p ≤ 0.01). (D) From the same experiments, lymph node cells were restimulated with soluble egg antigen (SEA) or media for 3 days in vitro and Th1 and Th2 cytokines were measured by ELISA (mean ± SEM; unpaired t-tests compare LN cytokine responses within each treatment group; ***p ≤ 0.001). (E) Ratio of IFN-γ and Th2 cytokine levels after SEA restimulation from data shown in (D) (mean ± SEM; unpaired t-test; **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001).