TABLE 1.
Compartment | Ablated gene(s) | Intestinal phenotype | References |
Villus | Pdgf-A KO Pdgfr-α KO | Abnormal GI mucosal lining misshapen villi loss of pericryptal mesenchyme | Karlsson et al., 2000 |
Shh; Ihh dKO | Embryonic lethal reduced mesenchymal cell proliferation | Mao et al., 2010 | |
Foxf1;Foxf2 dKO | Died shortly after birth large clusters of epithelial cells and club-shaped with multilayered epithelia | Ormestad et al., 2006 | |
Fat4 KO | improperly patterned villi extensive fused villus regions failure of stromal clustering | Rao-Bhatia et al., 2020 | |
Wnt5a KO | Shortened and bifurcated intestinal lumen reduced smooth muscle layer fused villi | Rao-Bhatia et al., 2020,Cervantes et al., 2009 | |
Crypt | MyoIIA;MyoIIC dKO | Disruption in apical constriction and invagination of crypt cells | Sumigray et al., 2018 |
Rac1 KO | Flat surface and short villi crypt cell expansion deep crypts and short villi | Sumigray et al., 2018 | |
Microvillus | EPS8 KO | Reduced microvillus length | Tocchetti et al., 2010 |
Espn;Vil1;Pls1 tKO | Delay growth of microvilli sparse and misorganized microvillar actin filament bundles | Revenu et al., 2012 | |
Harmonin KO | Significant disruption in brush border morphology short and disorganized irregular microvilli | Crawley et al., 2014b | |
Ezr KO | Short, thick, and Non-uniform architecture of microvilli disorganized and fused villi | Saotome et al., 2004 | |
Crb3 KO | Irregular and fused villi and apical membrane bleb disrupted microvilli | Whiteman et al., 2014 |