Table 1.
Frequency of detection of diarrhoeal pathogens in humans, animals, and soil samples
| Infectious agent | Humans (n=310) |
Animals (n=150) |
Soil (n=40) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive, n (%) | OR | p-value | Positive, n (%) | OR | p-value | Positive, n (%) | OR | p-value | |
| DEC1 | 89 (28.7) | 62.01 | <0.001 | 58 (38.7) | 46.96 | <0.001 | 13 (32.5) | 9.14 | 0.005 |
| STEC | 30 (9.7) | 16.49 | <0.001 | 42 (28.0) | 4.08 | 0.210 | 6 (15.0) | 15.26 | 0.060 |
| EPEC | 48 (15.5) | 28.19 | <0.001 | 22 (14.7) | 25.60 | 0.001 | 12(30.0) | 35.52 | 0.010 |
| EHEC | 14 (4.5) | 7.28 | 0.009 | 21 (14.0) | 2.01 | 0.560 | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA |
| EAEC | 14 (4.5) | 7.28 | 0.009 | 4 (2.7) | 4.08 | 0.210 | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA |
| O157 | 10 (3.2) | 5.13 | 0.030 | 7 (4.7) | 7.29 | 0.060 | 3 (7.5) | 7.56 | 0.180 |
| Shigella | 43 (13.9) | 24.78 | <0.001 | 5 (3.3) | 5.13 | 0.130 | 10 (25.0) | 27.88 | 0.020 |
| Rotavirus | 54 (17.4) | 32.46 | <0.001 | 4 (2.7) | 4.08 | 0.210 | NA | NA | NA |
| Adenovirus | 12 (3.9) | 6.20 | 0.010 | 7 (4.7) | 7.29 | 0.060 | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA |
| Cryptosporidium | 12 (3.9) | 6.20 | 0.010 | 15 (10.0) | 16.55 | 0.006 | 2 (5.0) | 5.25 | 0.280 |
| Giardia2 | 2 (0.6) | 1.00 | - | 1 (0.7) | 1.00 | - | 3 (7.5) | 7.56 | 0.180 |
OR, odds ratio; DEC, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli; EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli; EHEC, enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EAEC, enteroaggregative E. coli; NA, not applicable.
1
The chi-square statistic was calculated using a 2×2 contingency table; a similar analysis was carried out previously by Daniels et al. [32].
2
For humans and animals, the Giardia samples were used as reference.