Table 1.
Summary of trauma-related results of the included studies.
| Authors | Samples (n) – location | Instrument | Trauma-related results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chew et al. (2020) | HCWs (906) – Singapore (480) and India (426) | IES-R† | 7.4% (67) exceeded cut-off for TRSs; 7.5 and 7.3% of HCWs from Singapore and India, respectively. Thirty-four total respondents had moderate to severe symptoms. People with physical symptoms were more likely to screen positive. |
| Kang et al. (2020) | Medical staff (994): doctors (183) and nurses (811) – China | IES-R* | Mean (SD) IES-R scores are 6.1 (4.4.), 22.9 (4.8), 39.9 (5.4), and 60 (9.8) in groups with subthreshold, mild, moderate, and severe mental disturbance, respectively. Exposure to infected persons increased for each group. |
| Lai et al. (2020) | Medical staff (1257): doctors (493) and nurses (764) – China | IES-R* | 71.5% (899) had TRSs; levels were moderate to severe in 35% (440): 163 (33%) physicians and 277 (36.2%) nurses. Being female, intermediate professional titles and frontline work were associated with severe TRSs; working outside Hubei province was associated with lower risk of TRSs. |
| Li et al. (2020) | FLNs (234), nFLNs (292), and general public (214) – China | Vicarious traumatization questionnaire | Scores were significantly lower for FLNs than general public and nFLNs. No significant difference was found between general public and nFLNs. nFLNs had significantly increase scores than FLNs. |
| Tan et al. (2020) | HCWs (470) Singapore | IES-R† | 7.7% (36) screened positive for TRSs. IES-R scores were significantly higher for non-medical, than medical staff with means (SD) of 9.4 (10.1) and 5.8 (9.2), respectively. |
| Xiao et al. (2020) | Medical staff (180): doctors (82) and nurses (98) – China | SASR | Mean (SD) SASR score was 77.6 (29.5). Social support and self-efficacy scores were negatively correlated with stress scores; anxiety scores were positively correlated with stress scores; SARS scores were positive correlated with sleep quality scores. |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | HCWs (1563) – China | IES-R* | 73.4% had TRSs. Comparisons on impact of event between individuals with and without insomnia: sub-clinical (3.4 vs. 39.7%), mild (23.9 vs. 42.7%), moderate (42.7 vs. 15.8%), and severe (30 vs. 1.7%) TRSs. |
FLNs, frontline nurses; HCWs, healthcare workers; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale – Revised; nFLNs, non-frontline nurses; SASR, Stanford Acute Stress Reaction questionnaire; SD, standard deviation; and TRSs, trauma-related symptoms.
*
Cut-off > 26. Scores: normal/sub-clinical (0–8), mild (9–25), moderate (26–43), and severe distress (44–88).
†
Cut-off > 24 for clinical relevance of trauma-related symptoms. Scores: normal (0–23), mild (24–32), moderate (33–36), and severe (>37).