TABLE 1.
Descriptive characteristics and activity profile of children and adolescent with type 1 diabetes across visits.
|
Visit 0 |
Visit 1 |
Visit 2 |
Paired t-test |
|||||
| Children (n = 28) | Adolescents (n = 33) | Children (n = 28) | Adolescents (n = 33) | Children (n = 25) | Adolescents (n = 33) | FT | p | |
| Study population characteristics | ||||||||
| Sex (% boys) | 55 | 57 | 55 | 57 | 60 | 57 | – | – |
| Age (years) | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 15.2 ± 0.3a | 8.1 ± 0.7b | 16.1 ± 0.6ab | 9.2 ± 0.4b | 17.3 ± 0.3ab | 21 | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 30 ± 3 | 65 ± 3a | 50 ± 2b | 70 ± 10ab | 59 ± 1b | 74 ± 5ab | 29 | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 130 ± 3 | 165 ± 2a | 136 ± 6b | 164 ± 4ab | 148 ± 4a | 164 ± 8ab | 32 | <0.01 |
| BMI percentile | 61 ± 11 | 80 ± 13a | 69 ± 17b | 86 ± 14ab | 72 ± 1 3b | 88 ± 16ab | 29 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 7.2 ± 2.19 | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 9.3 | 0.43 |
| Sometimes experience PA hypoglycemia (%) | 45 ± 3 | 76 ± 2a | 40 ± 1 | 86 ± 2ab | 46 ± 1 | 90 ± 2ab | 19 | <0.01 |
| Sometimes experience PA hyperglycemia (%) | 20 ± 3 | 21 ± 1 | 18 ± 2 | 18 ± 1 | 22 ± 1 | 17 ± 3 | 8.6 | 0.54 |
| Barriers to Active Lifestyles measured by the BAPAD-1 | ||||||||
| Diabetes-specific barriers to PA with score ≥ 4 n (%) | 21 | 44 | 24 | 39 | 23 | 47 | ||
| Loss of control over diabetes | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.9 | 10.6 | 0.64 |
| Fear of hypoglycemia | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 1.8ab | 16 | <0.05 |
| Fact that you have diabetes | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.9a | 14 | <0.05 |
| Risk of hyperglycemia | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 9.6 | 0.44 |
| Diabetes-universal barriers to PA with score ≥ 4 n (%) | 18 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 24 | ||
| Fear of hurting self | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 8.7 | 3.2 |
| Low fitness level | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 7.7 | 2.4 |
| Weather conditions | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.6a | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.4a | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 3.2 ± 0.9a | 14 | <0.05 |
| Sport Center proximity | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 9.7 | 4.4 |
| School/Work schedule | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.2a | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.9a | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.2a | 16 | <0.05 |
| Actual physical health status (excluding diabetes) | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 4.9 | 2.1 |
| Total BAPAD-1 score | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 6.3 | 5.1 |
| Self-reported PA and screen time information | ||||||||
| Total screen time⋅day–1 (h) (TV, video games, computer) | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.8a | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.1a | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 0.8a | 26 | <0.01 |
| Total time in MVPA.day–1 (min) | 41 ± 11 | 52 ± 14a | 44 ± 09 | 56 ± 12a | 41 ± 06 | 56 ± 13a | 26 | <0.01 |
| Total time in VPA.day–1 (min) | 27 ± 09 | 8 ± 02a | 23 ± 07 | 5 ± 04a | 26 ± 11 | 4.3 ± 03a | 19 | <0.01 |
| Number of day spent on VPA per week | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2a | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.3a | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.8a | 15 | <0.01 |
Values are mean (standard deviation). BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PA, physical activity; n (%), number in percentage; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; VPA, vigorous physical activity; BAPAD-1, Barriers to Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes; h, hour; min, minute. Significant difference between groups (ap < 0.01). Significant difference from previous visit values (bp < 0.01).