Table 5.
Field sampling for human coronaviruses.
| Sampling site and location | Infection type | Sampling method | # of collected samples | # of positive samples | Notes | Study | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS patients’ rooms and some rooms as control areas without housing SARS patients | Human coronavirus | Moisturised swabs; PCR for viral RNA and viral culture | 85 | 3 (3.5%) | A bedside table, remote control and a refrigerator handle at a nurses’ medication station were positive. All swabs were culture negative. | Booth et al. (Booth et al., 2005) | 2005 |
| patient parts (patient rooms, nursing stations, emergency department) | SARS-CoV | Moisturised swabs; PCR for viral RNA and viral culture | 63 | 24 (38.1%) | 38.1% of 63 sites and 6.4% of 31 public areas were positive for SARS-CoV RNA. All swabs were culture negative. | Dowell et al. (Dowell et al., 2004) | 2004 |
| Jeddah airport, Saudi, Arabia | Human coronavirus (OC43/HKU1) | Moisturised swabs; PCR for viral RNA and viral culture | 40 | 3 (7.5%) | RNA was identified from surfaces. | Memish et al. (Memish et al., 2014) | 2014 |
| Negative pressure isolation rooms | SARS-CoV-2 | Moisturised swabs; PCR for viral RNA and viral culture | 163 | 126 (77.3%) | 80.4% of all room surfaces, 76.5% of all personal items sampled and 81.0% Samples of the toilets in the room positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. All samples were culture negative | Santarpia JL et al. (Santarpia et al., 2020) | 2020 |
| Patients’ room in hospital | SARS-CoV-2 | Pre-moistened macrofoam sterile swabs Air samples were collected by NIOSH samplers |
245 | 56.7% of the rooms had at least one environmental surfaces contamination. 18.5% of the toilet seats and button showed positive RT-qPCR results | Po Ying Chia, MBBS et al. (Chia et al., 2020) | 2020 | |
| COVID-19 isolation ward | SARS-CoV-2 | Moisturised swabs; PCR for viral RNA | 37 | 9 (24.3%) | The most contaminated surfaces were hand sanitizer dispensers (100.0%), medical equipment (50.0%), medical equipment touch screens (50.0%), shelves for medical equipment (40.0%), bedrails (33.3%), and door handles (25.0%). | Katia Razzini et al. (Razzini et al., 2020) | 2020 |
| Quarantine room | SARS-CoV-2 | Moisturised swabs; PCR for viral RNA | 23 | 11 (47.8%) | 70% of samples from the bedroom followed by 50% of samples from the bathroom and that of 33% from the corridor were positive for SARS-CoV-2 | Xiaowen Hu et al. (Hu et al., 2020) | 2020 |