Table 5. Summary of clinical trials of midodrine in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH).

nOH: Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension; PD: Parkinson's disease; MSA: multiple system atrophy.

Author/date	Number of subjects	Number of subjects with MSA	Study type and method	Study outcome
Jankovic et al., 1993 [30]	97	18	A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with autonomic failure and one of the following conditions: pure autonomic failure, MSA, and PD	Efficacious in moderate-to-severe orthostatic hypotension associated with autonomic failure. Subgroup efficacy was not studied. But the Parkinson’s patients showed the most improvement.
Wright et al., 1998 [29]	27	7	A double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way cross-over trial with patients with autonomic failure, multiple system atrophy, and Parkinson’s disease.	10 mg of midodrine, three times a day, was effective for standing systolic hypotension. There was a significant linear relationship between midodrine dosage and mean systolic blood pressure. Subgroup efficacy was not studied.
Low et al., 1997 [31]	171	16	A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with pure autonomic failure, MSA, PD, diabetes mellitus, and other diseases.	A dose of 10 mg, three times a day was efficacious and safe in the treatment of nOH. There was an increase in the standing systolic blood pressure and improvement in the global symptom relief score.