Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, laboratory results, drug therapy, and outcomes of the overall population (Panel A), and characteristics of 7 patients requiring mechanical ventilation (Panel B) and of 7 patients under noninvasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula (Panel C)
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 14) | Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (n = 7) | Noninvasive Ventilation/Nasal Cannula (n = 7) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A | |||
| Age, median (IQR) [yr] | 70 (59–76) | 70 (58–76) | 70 (60–75) |
| Male Sex, n (%) | 12 (85.7) | 7 (100) | 5 (71.4) |
| Medical History | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 10 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 8 (57.1 | 5 (71.4) | 3 (42.9) |
| Symptoms at Onset | |||
| Fever, n (%) | 13 (92.9) | 7 (100) | 6 (85.7) |
| Cough, n (%) | 11 (78.6) | 5 (71.4) | 6 (85.7) |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) |
| Imaging Features | |||
| Ground-Glass Opacity, n (%) | 13 (92.9) | 7 (100) | 6 (85.7) |
| Bilateral Pulmonary Infiltrates, n (%) | 14 (100) | 7 (100) | 7 (100) |
| Laboratory Findings | |||
| White-Cell Count/mm3, median (IQR) | 6,740 (5,880–10,900) | 6,870 (5,790–12,600) | 6,200 (5,950–9,050) |
| White-Cell Count/mm3 > 10,000, n (%) | 4 (28.6) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (14.3) |
| Lymphocytes Count/mm3, median (IQR) | 750 (667–1,052) | 790 (685–1,140) | 700 (545–950) |
| Lymphocytes Count/mm3 < 1,000, n (%) | 9 (64.3) | 4 (57.1) | 5 (71.4) |
| Platelet Count/mm3, median (IQR) | 196,000 (150,000–245,000) | 163,000 (106,000–196,000) | 229,000 (193,000–341,00) |
| Platelet Count/mm3 < 100,000, n (%) | 2 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| LDH, median (IQR) [U/L] | 370 (284–531) | 295 (278–519) | 398 (353–423) |
| LDH > 280 U/L, n (%) | 10 (71.4) | 4 (57.1) | 6 (85.7) |
| Creatinine, median (IQR) [µg/L] | 97 (83–135) | 84 (82–103) | 117 (97–146) |
| PT, median (IQR) [sec] | 12.8 (12.3–16.8) | 12.4 (11.9–13.8) | 15.0 (12.7–29.0) |
| aPTT, median (IQR) [sec] | 33.3 (31.5–35.8) | 34.1 (32.3–48.9) | 32.0 (29.9–35.4) |
| Fibrinogen, median (IQR) [g/L] | 4.6 (2.8–7.26) | 2.9 (1.6–5.1) | 6.3 (4.6–7.9) |
| Fibrinogen < 1 g/L, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| D-dimer, median (IQR) [mg/L] | 1.91 (1.26–4.47) | 2.21 (1.81–4.47) | 1.21 (0.91–3.21) |
| D-dimer > 1 mg/L, n (%) | 11 (78.6) | 7 (100) | 4 (57.1) |
| Peripheral Blood Smear | |||
| Schistocyte > 1%, n (%) | 10 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) | 5 (71.4) |
| Treatment | |||
| Antibiotic Agent, n (%) | 13 (92.9) | 6 (85.7) | 7 (100) |
| Antiviral Agent, n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 13 (92.9) | 6 (85.7) | 7 (100) |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | 4 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) |
| Outcomes | |||
| Death, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) |
| Characteristic | Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | Patient 4 | Patient 5 | Patient 6 | Patient 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel B | |||||||
| Age, yr | 72 | 82 | 70 | 54 | 38 | 81 | 62 |
| Sex | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male |
| Initial findings | |||||||
| Medical history |
Hypertension Diabetes Hyperthyroidism |
Hypertension Diabetes Alzheimer |
Hypertension | Hypertension Diabetes | Asthma | Hypertension Diabetes | Diabetes |
| Symptoms at disease onset |
Fever Dyspnea Cough Diarrhea |
Fever Dyspnea Syncope |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Fewer Dyspnea Asthenia |
| Imaging features |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
| Treatment | Hydroxychloroquine Antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine Lopinavir-Ritonavir | Hydroxychloroquine Immune Globulin Antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine Antibiotics | Immune Globulin Antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine Immune Globulin Antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine Immune Globulin Antibiotics |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||
|
White cell count (per mm3) |
6,610 | 23,290 | 4,970 | 6,870 | 13,740 | 11,470 | 3,920 |
|
Total Neutrophils (per mm3) |
5,370 | 21,800 | 3,740 | 4,750 | 11,910 | 7,210 | 3,070 |
|
Total Lymphocytes (per mm3) |
710 | 790 | 660 | 1,210 | 1,070 | 3,670 | 330 |
|
Total monocytes (per mm3) |
270 | 260 | 400 | 320 | 540 | 340 | 360 |
| Platelet count (per mm3) | 217,000 | 361,000 | 163,000 | 140,000 | 65,000 | 175,000 | 75,000 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 88 | 103 | 137 | 88 | 112 | 89 | 83 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 25 | 26 | 34 | 36 | 30 | 26 | 27 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 23 | 25 | 22 | 14 | 72 | 62 | 22 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 20 | 40 | 35 | 12 | 5 | 25 | 9 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 249 | 295 | 280 | 383 | 1,433 | 654 | 276 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.55 | 1.10 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.83 |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (µg/L) | 0.042 | 0.073 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.033 | 0.009 | 0.046 |
| Prothrombin time (sec) | 11.07 | 12.41 | 12.34 | 11.49 | 14.93 | 12.75 | 26.62 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (sec) | 34.1 | 32.1 | 71.0 | 35.6 | 29.6 | 32.5 | 62.2 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 8.39 | 6.67 | 1.96 | 3.61 | 1.18 | 2.88 | 1.12 |
| D-Dimer (mg/L) | 4.473 | 2.217 | 1.886 | 1.430 | 4.474 | 4.502 | 1.732 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.023 |
|
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) |
3.3 | 318 | 1.4 | 27.5 | 3.2 | 10.9 | 46.4 |
| Peripheral blood smear | |||||||
| Schistocyte (%) | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1–2 |
| Characteristic | Patient 8 | Patient 9 | Patient 10 | Patient 11 | Patient 12 | Patient 13 | Patient 14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel C | |||||||
| Age, yr | 75 | 82 | 70 | 76 | 42 | 63 | 58 |
| Sex | Male | Male | Female | Male | Male | Female | Male |
| Initial findings | |||||||
| Medical history | Hypertension |
Hypertension COPD |
Hypertension Diabetes |
Hypertension Diabetes | – | Hypertension Diabetes | – |
| Symptoms at disease onset |
Fever Dyspnea Cough Diarrhea |
Fever Dyspnea Cough Diarrhea |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Dyspnea Cough |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Fever Dyspnea Cough |
Fever Dyspnea |
| Imaging features |
Ground-glass opacity, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Focal airspace disease in the peripheral right midlung, discoid atelectasis at the left lung base |
Ground-glass opacity, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
Ground-glass opacity, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates |
| Treatment | Hydroxychloroquine immune globulin antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine immune globulin antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine antibiotics | Hydroxychloroquine antibiotics |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||
|
White cell count (per mm3) |
2,750 | 5,800 | 8,830 | 6,250 | 11,670 | 6,120 | 9,380 |
|
Total neutrophils (per mm3) |
1,470 | 5,010 | 7,400 | 7,500 | 2,000 | – | 8,200 |
|
Total lymphocytes (per mm3) |
690 | 350 | 900 | 400 | 700 | 1,000 | 1,500 |
|
Total monocytes (per mm3) |
410 | 270 | 300 | 500 | 400 | 200 | 200 |
| Platelet count (per mm3) | 146,000 | 165,000 | 430,000 | 229,000 | 221,000 | 251,000 | 531,000 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 112 | 127 | 98 | 128 | 169 | 96 | 137 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 30 | 28 | 31 | 36 | 47 | 30 | 33 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 110 | 23 | 10 | 24 | 48 | 23 | 144 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 151 | 12 | 20 | 59 | 75 | 47 | 36 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/liter) | 357 | 398 | 241 | 348 | 506 | 677 | 539 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.72 | 0.98 | 1.61 | 0.97 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.67 |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (µg/L) | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.1 | 0.076 | 0.037 | 0.011 | 0.023 |
| Prothrombin time (sec) | 12.55 | 10.76 | 35.9 | 13.2 | – | 16.8 | 33.1 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (sec) | 29.9 | 32 | – | 36.2 | 35.4 | – | 13.2 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.80 | 4.26 | 7.46 | 6.27 | 4.97 | 8.39 | 8.59 |
| D-Dimer (mg/L) | 0.909 | 4.481 | 1.940 | 0.920 | 1.210 | 4.930 | 0.810 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.01 |
|
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) |
4.1 | 76.9 | 1.4 | 27.5 | 3.2 | 10.9 | 46.4 |
| Peripheral blood smear | |||||||
| Schistocyte (%) | 0.5–1 | 0 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 |
aPTT Activated partial thromboplastin time, IQR interquartile range, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, PT prothrombin