Table 2.
Comparison of patients with or without sarcopenia by gender.
| All n = 552 | Men n = 173 | Women n = 379 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenia | Non-Sarcopenia | p value | Sarcopenia | Non-Sarcopenia | p value | Sarcopenia | Non-Sarcopenia | p value | |
| Number | 123 | 429 | 30 | 143 | 93 | 286 | |||
| Age (years) | 77.0 (61.0–94.0) | 74.0 (60.0–93.0) | < 0.001* | 79.0 (68.0–91.0) | 73.0 (61.0–90.0) | < 0.001* | 77.0 (61.0–94.0) | 74.0 (60.0–93.0) | < 0.001* |
| Height (cm) | 150.0 (138.0–170.0) | 155.0 (135.0–183.5) | < 0.001* | 161.0 (148.0–170.0) | 165.0 (150.0–183.5) | < 0.001* | 148.0 (138.0–164.0) | 152.0 (135.0–168.5) | < 0.001* |
| Body weight (kg) | 48.4 (31.5–73.8) | 57.9 (35.2–104.5) | < 0.001* | 57.1 (35.3–73.8) | 67.2 (48.1–104.5) | < 0.001* | 46.6 (31.5–60.0) | 54.4 (35.2–83.9) | < 0.001* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.4 (15.2–32.8) | 24.3 (16.1–38.4) | < 0.001* | 21.4 (15.6–32.8) | 25.0 (18.5–38.4) | < 0.001* | 21.4 (15.2–28.7) | 23.4 (16.1–35.9) | < 0.001* |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 15.0 (4.8–36.4) | 18.3 (5.4–44.5) | < 0.001* | 13.9 (5.1–36.4) | 19.1 (5.6–44.5) | 0.001* | 15.1 (4.8–27.5) | 17.6 (5.4–39.9) | < 0.001* |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 17.0 (13.0–25.3) | 20.6 (14.6–38.0) | < 0.001* | 22.6 (15.6–25.3) | 26.6 (21.2–38.0) | < 0.001* | 16.5 (13.0–20.7) | 19.4 (14.6–29.5) | < 0.001* |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 5.5 (3.2–7.0) | 6.5 (4.7–10.1) | < 0.001* | 6.6 (4.8–7.0) | 7.6 (5.7–10.1) | < 0.001* | 5.4 (3.2–5.7) | 6.1 (4.7–8.7) | < 0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.0 (90.0–180.0) | 130.0 (91.0–173.0) | 0.858 | 134.0 (108.0–180.0) | 130.0 (92.0–168.0) | 0.109 | 130.0 (90.0–172.0) | 131.0 (91.0–173.0) | 0.225 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.0 (44.0–125.0) | 73.0 (40.0–114.0) | 0.125 | 75.0 (50.0–91.0) | 74.0 (50.0–114.0) | 0.805 | 69.5 (44.0–125.0) | 73.0 (40.0–103.0) | 0.066 |
| Muscle function | |||||||||
| Grip strength (kg) | 17.0 (4.5–33.0) | 22.5 (3.0–51.8) | < 0.001* | 24.2 (5.5–33.0) | 33.0 (14.0–51.8) | < 0.001* | 16.0 (4.5–24.5) | 20.5 (3.0–31.5) | < 0.001* |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 0.90 (0.35–1.52) | 1.13 (0.34–1.99) | < 0.001* | 0.83 (0.35–1.19) | 1.06 (0.43–1.78) | < 0.001* | 0.92 (039–1.52) | 1.14 (0.34–1.99) | < 0.001* |
| Medical history | |||||||||
| Obesity, n (%) | 13 (10.6) | 182 (42.4) | < 0.001* | 5 (16.7) | 72 (50.3) | 0.001* | 8 (8.6) | 110 (38.5) | < 0.001* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 58 (47.5) | 264 (62.0) | 0.004* | 16 (53.3) | 99 (69.7) | 0.083 | 42 (45.7) | 165 (58.1) | 0.037* |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 58 (47.5) | 207 (48.6) | 0.838 | 10 (33.3) | 72 (50.7) | 0.083 | 48 (52.2) | 135 (47.5) | 0.439 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 26 (21.3) | 86 (20.2) | 0.786 | 11 (36.7) | 35 (24.6) | 0.177 | 15 (16.3) | 51 (18.0) | 0.717 |
| Osteoarthritis of the knee, n (%) | 28 (23.0) | 74 (17.4) | 0.163 | 5 (16.7) | 17 (12.0) | 0.484 | 23 (25.0) | 57 (20.1) | 0.315 |
| Osteoarthritis of the hip, n (%) | 3 (2.5) | 11 (2.6) | 0.939 | 1 (3.3) | 3 (2.1) | 0.687 | 2 (2.2) | 8 (2.8) | 0.739 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 49 (40.2) | 109 (25.6) | 0.002* | 5 (16.7) | 11 (7.7) | 0.126 | 44 (47.8) | 98 (34.5) | 0.022* |
| Dementia, n (%) | 4 (3.3) | 2 (0.5) | 0.009* | 1 (3.3) | 1 (0.7) | 0.222 | 3 (3.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0.018* |
| Malignant tumor, n (%) | 5 (4.1) | 11 (2.6) | 0.380 | 4 (13.3) | 5 (3.5) | 0.028* | 1 (1.1) | 6 (2.1) | 0.527 |
| Fracture history, n (%) | 47 (38.8) | 136 (32.9) | 0.228 | 10 (34.5) | 55 (39.3) | 0.628 | 37 (40.2) | 81 (29.7) | 0.061 |
| Surgery history, n (%) | 25 (20.5) | 66 (15.5) | 0.191 | 8 (26.7) | 28 (19.7) | 0.395 | 17 (18.5) | 38 (13.4) | 0.229 |
| Low back pain, n (%) | 56 (46.3) | 183 (44.2) | 0.461 | 14 (48.3) | 57 (40.4) | 0.435 | 42 (45.7) | 126 (46.2) | 0.933 |
| Knee pain, n (%) | 40 (33.1) | 152 (36.7) | 0.684 | 10 (34.5) | 43 (30.5) | 0.673 | 30 (32.6) | 109 (39.9) | 0.211 |
| Users of hypnotics, n (%) | 33 (27.3) | 85 (20.5) | 0.116 | 9 (31.0) | 25 (17.7) | 0.103 | 24 (26.1) | 60 (22.0) | 0.418 |
| Certification of long-term care, n (%) | 16 (13.3) | 26 (6.3) | 0.011* | 5 (17.2) | 5 (3.5) | 0.004* | 11 (12.1) | 21 (7.7) | 0.200 |
| Lifestyle | |||||||||
| Alcoholic drinks, n (%) | 33 (27.3) | 131 (31.6) | 0.359 | 18 (62.1) | 77 (54.6) | 0.461 | 15 (16.3) | 54 (19.8) | 0.461 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 14 (11.6) | 31 (7.5) | 0.155 | 7 (24.1) | 22 (15.6) | 0.266 | 7 (7.6) | 9 (3.3) | 0.081 |
| Exercise habits, n (%) | 55 (45.5) | 187 (45.2) | 0.956 | 12 (41.4) | 66 (46.8) | 0.593 | 43 (46.7) | 121 (44.3) | 0.687 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 43 (35.0) | 147 (34.3) | 0.886 | 9 (30.0) | 47 (32.9) | 0.760 | 34 (36.6) | 100 (35.0) | 0.780 |
| Users of bicycle, n (%) | 64 (52.9) | 267 (64.5) | 0.021* | 14 (48.3) | 89 (63.1) | 0.136 | 50 (54.3) | 178 (65.2) | 0.063 |
| Daily conversation (person/ day) | 3.0 (0.0–40.0) | 4.0 (0.0–100.0) | 0.020* | 2.5 (0.0–40.0) | 3.0 (0.0–100.0) | 0.235 | 3.3 (0.0–25.0) | 5.0 (0.0–50.0) | 0.015* |
| Laboratory examinations | |||||||||
| WBC (/μl) | 5500.0 (2900.0–10,010.0) | 5450.0 (1900.0–11,930.0) | 0.540 | 5960.0 (3190.0–10,010.0) | 5800.0 (1900.0–9700.0) | 0.910 | 5310.0 (2900.0–9120.0) | 5300.0 2700.0–11,930.0) | 0.773 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.8 (9.6–16.5) | 13.2 (9.3–18.8) | 0.005* | 13.1 (10.6–16.5) | 14.3 (9.4–18.8) | 0.001* | 12.6 (9.6–15.0) | 12.8 (9.3–15.2) | 0.790 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 99.0 (70.0–339.0) | 98.0 (65.0–366.0) | 0.893 | 103.0 (83.0–224.0) | 102.0 (65.0–366.0) | 0.693 | 97.0 (70.0–339.0) | 97.0 (70.0–297.0) | 0.859 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (4.7–11.1) | 5.7 (4.9–9.3) | 0.319 | 6.0 (4.9–8.0) | 5.7 (5.0–8.0) | 0.189 | 5.7 (4.7–11.1) | 5.7 (4.9–9.3) | 0.665 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 212.5 (135.0–317.0) | 194.0 (123.0–303.0) | 0.002* | 199.0 (139.0–249.0) | 187.0 (133.0–303.0) | 0.471 | 219.0 (135.0–317.0) | 199.5 (123.0–279.0) | 0.002* |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 64.0 (37.0–101.0) | 58.0 (21.0–190.0) | 0.011* | 54.0 (37.0–101.0) | 50.0 (21.0–120.0) | 0.053 | 64.5 (37.0–99.0) | 62.0 (30.0–190.0) | 0.237 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 115.0 (67.0–243.0) | 108.0 (37.0–248.0) | 0.003* | 106.0 (73.0–163.0) | 106.5 (37.0–219.0) | 0.648 | 119.0 (67.0–243.0) | 109.0 (50.0–248.0) | 0.002* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 103.0 (35.0–317.0) | 114.0 (38.0–1244.0) | 0.074 | 106.5 (49.0–175.0) | 136.5 (38.0–1244.0) | 0.024* | 99.0 (35.0–317.0) | 106.0 (38.0–589.0) | 0.603 |
| AST (IU/l) | 22.0 (13.0–102.0) | 22.0 (9.0–188.0) | 0.391 | 23.0 (14.0–45.0) | 23.5 (9.0–188.0) | 0.764 | 22.0 (13.0–102.0) | 22.0 (10.0–117.0) | 0.446 |
| ALT (IU/l) | 15.5 (5.0–123.0) | 17.0 (4.0–141.0) | 0.001* | 16.0 (6.0–40.0) | 21.0 (4.0–132.0) | 0.006* | 15.0 (5.0–123.0) | 16.0 (4.0–141.0) | 0.043* |
| γ-GTP (IU/l) | 19.0 (8.0–322.0) | 23.0 (8.0–1742.0) | 0.006* | 25.5 (11.0–273.0) | 28.0 (13.0–1742.0) | 0.064 | 17.0 (8.0–322.0) | 21.0 (8.0–320.0) | 0.136 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 17.2 (6.5–46.1) | 16.6 (8.2–129.0) | 0.742 | 17.2 (6.5–31.9) | 17.3 (9.6–69.0) | 0.613 | 17.2 (8.7–46.1) | 16.0 (8.2–129.0) | 0.337 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.69 (0.39–7.66) | 0.74 (0.40–8.17) | 0.035* | 0.84 (0.47–2.23) | 0.91 (0.56–5.00) | 0.160 | 0.67 (0.39–7.66) | 0.67 (0.40–8.17) | 0.499 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.2 (1.1–4.7) | 4.3 (1.3–4.9) | 0.037* | 4.2 (1.1–4.6) | 4.3 (3.1–4.9) | 0.103 | 4.2 (3.1–4.7) | 4.2 (1.3–4.9) | 0.174 |
Data are presented as median (min—max) or number (percent).
BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle index; WBC, white blood cell; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GTP, glutamyl transpeptidase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
*Statistically significant.