Table 1. Bleeding risk in the clinical course and management of COVID-19 in patients with hemophilia and congenital bleeding disorders.
| Condition | Setting | Low–moderate risk | High risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disease-related | Bleeding symptoms - Tissue injury and congestion |
Nasal and throat bleeding | Hemoptysis GI bleeding |
| - Trauma and predisposing conditions | Subcutaneous and muscle hematoma | Intracranial bleeding | |
| Management and treatment-related | Invasive procedures | Arterial puncture for blood gas analysis | ECMO |
| PICC or CICC insertion | |||
| Invasive ventilation (intubation, tracheostomy) | |||
| Renal replacement (dialysis and ultrafiltration) | |||
| Pharmacological treatment | Antiviral drugs | Corticosteroids | |
| Immunomodulatory agents | NSAIDs | ||
| Antithrombotic agents at prophylactic or weight-adjusted doses | Antithrombotic agents at therapeutic doses |
Abbreviations: CICC, centrally inserted central catheters; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; GI, gastrointestinal; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PICC, peripherally inserted central catheters.