TABLE 2.
Univariate analysis and adjusted multivariate regression analysis of variables associated with QT prolongation > 60 ms and/or QT prolongation > 500 ms post‐treatment with HCQ (the composite end point)
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age >65 (n = 45) | 4.5 (1.2‐17.5) | .03 | 2.6 (0.6‐12) | .2 |
| Female sex (n = 33) | 2 (0.6‐6.4) | .2 | — | |
| Severe or critical illness a (n = 39) | 4 (1.2‐14) | .03 | — | |
| BMI ≥30 (n = 23) | 2.9 (0.6‐13.5) | .2 | — | |
| IHD (n = 11) | 2.3 (0.5‐9.9) | .4 | — | |
| CHF (n = 15) | 3.7 (1.01‐13.2) | .04 | 3 (0.6‐14.6) | .17 |
| Hypertension | 1.8 (0.5‐6) | .35 | ||
| Baseline QTc ≥450 ms | 2.5 (0.7‐8.5) | .16 | — | |
| Hypokalaemia (≤3.5) (n = 27) | 4 (1.2‐13) | .02 | 5 (1.3‐20) | .02 |
| CRP mg/dL (n = 82) a | 1.06 (1.01‐1.1) | .01 | — | |
| eGFR b on maximal QTc day | 1.02 (0.99‐1.04) | .11 | ||
| Furosemide (n = 32) | 4.1 (1.3‐13.7) | .03 | 3.7 (1.01‐13.7) | .04 |
| Beta blockers treatment (n = 19) | 1.6 (0.4‐5.9) | .5 | — | |
| HCQ monotherapy (n = 26) | 0.6 (0.2‐2.5) | .8 | — | |
| HCQ and Azithromycin (n = 31) | 0.5 (0.1‐1.9) | .4 | — | |
| HCQ and other QT prolonging agents c (n = 28) | 2.6 (0.8‐8.3) | .1 | — | |
BMI, body mass index; CHF, congestive heart failure; GFR, Glomerular filtration rate; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine‐sulphate; IHD, ischemic heart disease; OR, odds ratio.
Due to collinearity between the terms Furosemide treatment, severity of illness and CRP level, the latter two variables were not included in the regression model (see results).
Cockcroft‐Gault formula estimated GFR (eGFR).
HCQ was defined as a QT prolonging agent. Other agents included quinolones (n = 7), antipsychotic medications (n = 16), anti‐depressive agents (n = 5), amiodarone (n = 5).