Table 1.
Main characteristics of the diagnostic and prognostic value of DKK-1 in GIC.
| Article type | Cancer type | Test method | No. of studies | No. of patients |
| Diagnostic articles | HCC | ELISA | 15 | 3962 |
| IHC | 2 | 356 | ||
| PC | ELISA | 3 | 574 | |
| IHC | 3 | 94 | ||
| EPC | ELISA | 3 | 416 | |
| IHC | 1 | 288 | ||
| GC | ELISA | 2 | 267 | |
| AEGJ | ELISA | 1 | 180 | |
| CRC | ELISA | 1 | 385 | |
| Prognostic articles | GC | IHC | 7 | 1328 |
| EPC | ELISA | 2 | 206 | |
| IHC | 2 | 220 | ||
| HCC | ELISA | 2 | 172 | |
| IHC | 1 | 75 | ||
| IHCC | IHC | 1 | 50 | |
| PC | IHC | 2 | 355 | |
| AEGJ | ELISA | 1 | 79 | |
| Baseline Characteristics | Results | Heterogeneity | Significant | |
| Diagnostic | Sex | 1.40 (1.17, 1.67) | 0.071, 29.3% | Yes |
| Age | 0.47 (0.28, 0.66) | 0.000, 85.6% | Yes | |
| Prognostic | Sex | 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) | 0.286, 16.1% | No |
| Age | -0.09 (-0.45, 0.27) | 0.018, 70.3% | No | |
AEGJ, adenocarcinoma of oesophagogastric junction; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; DKK-1, dickkopf-1; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EPC, oesophageal carcinoma; GIC, gastrointestinal carcinomas; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IHCC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; LC, liver carcinomas; PC, pancreatic carcinomas.