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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 6.
Published in final edited form as: Biometrika. 2019 Oct 29;107(1):123–136. doi: 10.1093/biomet/asz057

Table 2.

Results of the effect of oral anticoagulant therapy on the composite outcome; exp(ψ*) is the causal estimand

Est SE CI p-value
Naive method 0.68 0.176 (0.34, 1.03) 0.07
Proposed method 0.64 0.179 (0.29, 0.99) 0.04

Est, estimate of exp(ψ*); SE, standard error; CI, 95% confidence interval.