Table 5.
Decomposition of concentration indices for healthcare utilization
| Variable | Any visit to a health professional in the last year | Use of mammogram in the last 2 years | Prostate cancer screening in the last 2 years | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elasticity | CI | Contribution to CI (%) | p-value | Elasticity | CI | Contribution to CI (%) | p-value | Elasticity | CI | Contribution to CI (%) | p-value | |
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS | ||||||||||||
| Age (above 65 years)a | − 0.109 | −0.015 | 1.223% | 0.046* | −0.438 | −0.015 | 4.377% | < 0.001** | −0.084 | − 0.015 | 0.954% | 0.711 |
| Being male | −0.025 | −0.024 | 0.427% | 0.230 | NA | NA | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | −0.022 | 0.055 | −0.866% | 0.378 | 0.077 | 0.055 | 2.734% | 0.012** | 0.080 | 0.055 | 3.235% | 0.005* |
| Education (Primary education or above)a | 0.222 | 0.138 | 22.321% | < 0.001** | 0.212 | 0.138 | 19.030% | 0.001** | −0.035 | 0.138 | −3.601% | 0.485 |
| Belonging to an ethnic minority | 0.010 | −0.138 | −0.996% | 0.056 | −0.009 | − 0.138 | 0.779% | 0.366 | 0.027 | −0.138 | −2.785% | 0.025* |
| Being displaced | −0.009 | − 0.207 | 1.411% | 0.239 | −0.008 | − 0.207 | 1.123% | 0.645 | −0.003 | − 0.207 | 0.490% | 0.404 |
| ENABLING FACTORS | ||||||||||||
| Wealth quintile (2nd poorest and above)a | 0.312 | 0.267 | 60.495% | < 0.001** | 0.276 | 0.267 | 47.905% | < 0.001** | 0.140 | 0.267 | 27.591% | 0.067 |
| Geographic region (living outside Bogota)a | 0.006 | −0.045 | −0.207% | 0.045* | 0.002 | −0.045 | − 0.044% | 0.842 | 0.068 | −0.045 | −2.241% | 0.933 |
| Area of residence (urban) | 0.180 | 0.020 | 2.595% | < 0.001** | 0.242 | 0.020 | 3.108% | < 0.001** | 0.197 | 0.020 | 2.876% | < 0.001** |
| Type of health insurance (insured)a | 0.235 | 0.053 | 9.102% | 0.101 | 0.832 | 0.053 | 28.803% | < 0.001** | 0.679 | 0.053 | 26.672% | < 0.001** |
| Receives a pension | 0.031 | 0.307 | 6.904% | 0.047* | −0.025 | 0.307 | −4.956% | 0.464 | 0.036 | 0.307 | 8.235% | 0.086 |
| NEED FACTORS | ||||||||||||
| Multimorbidity (one chronic disease or more) a | 0.198 | 0.044 | 6.402% | < 0.001** | 0.105 | 0.044 | 3.033% | 0.043* | 0.234 | 0.044 | 7.668% | < 0.001** |
| Self-rated health (good health) | −0.031 | 0.048 | −1.108% | 0.097 | 0.046 | 0.048 | 1.439% | 0.131 | −0.006 | 0.048 | −0.206% | 0.711 |
| Barthel Index (not being independent) a | 0.175 | −0.011 | −1.432% | 0.068 | −0.505 | −0.011 | 3.692% | 0.051 | −0.360 | −0.011 | 2.990% | 0.897 |
| Walking impairment (having any impairment) a | 0.019 | −0.021 | −0.283% | 0.950 | −0.040 | − 0.021 | 0.541% | 0.882 | 0.046 | −0.021 | −0.698% | 0.604 |
| Walking help | 0.097 | 0.008 | 0.570% | 0.053 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.098% | 0.738 | 0.041 | 0.008 | 0.246% | 0.644 |
| Amputations | 0.006 | 0.144 | 0.635% | 0.061 | −0.009 | 0.144 | −0.834% | 0.190 | −0.004 | 0.144 | −0.392% | 0.321 |
| Number of observations | 17,535 | 9791 | 7707 | |||||||||
| Total contribution (statistically significant factors) | 99.73% | 108.99% | 38% | |||||||||
* Statistical significance at 5% level ** Statistical significance at 1% level. CI Concentration index, NA Not applicable
acategorical variable that was recoded as a dichotomous variable for the decomposition analysis. The text in parenthesis indicates the new category used