Table 1.
Comparative studies regarding epigenetics changes in different human and canine cancer.
| Human/Dog comparative epigenetic studies | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Associated epigenetic modification | Findings | Type of tumor | Reference |
| DNA Methylation | Genomic hypomethylation has been observed in Human and canine lymphoma and leukemia | Lymphoma; Leukemia | (49) x (230) |
| DNA Methylation | Hypermethylation of Tumor suppressor gene DLC1 | Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma | (57) x (58) |
| DNA Methylation | Treatment with 5-AzaC reduces tumorigenicity in mammary cancer cells of Human, Dogs and cats. | Mammary Cancer | (182) |
| DNA Methylation | Methylation levels of LINE-1 in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) might be a useful diagnostic marker in human and canine mammary cancer. | Mammary Cancer | (231) |
| DNA Methylation | DNA methylation of microRNA-203 CpG islands contributes to Human and Canine Melanoma | Melanoma | (61) |
| DNA Methylation | Hypermethylation of TNF-α promoter region was identified in human and canine melanoma cancer cells. Furthermore, the study observed a novel apoptosis-inducing mechanism of 5-aza-2-deoxycitidine. | Melanoma | (60) |
| DNA Demethylation | TET2 is commonly mutated in human hematopoietic tumors. However, the TET2 mutation frequency in canine hematopoietic tumors, such as mast cell tumor and lymphomas, is very low. | Hematopoietic tumors | (80) x (81) x (83) |
| DNA Methylation and histone modification | Combination of DNA methylation inhibitors and Chromatin-modified drugs is promising in Human and canine Osteosarcoma. | Osteosarcoma | (232) |
| Histone modifications | The HDAC inhibitor valproic acid can be used in combination with doxorubicin to treat human and canine osteosarcoma | Osteosarcoma | (213) |
| Histone modifications | HDAC inhibitor AR-42 induce apoptosis both in human and canine osteosarcoma cells. | Osteosarcoma | (202) |
| MicroRNAs | The role of miRNAs in human and mammary cancer. | Mammary cancer | (233) |
| MicroRNAs | MicroRNAs as tumor suppressors in human and canine melanoma cells | Melanoma | (234) |
| MicroRNAs | Antioncogenic miRNA-145 was downregulated in both human and canine melanoma cells | Melanoma | (235) |
| LncRNAs | Oncogenic lncRNAs in human cancer, including HOTAIR, MALAT1, PCA3, CASC15, and CASC20 are also annotated in dogs. | Different types of tissues | (151) x (156) x (150) |
| LncRNAs | A cross-species analysis of lncRNAs demonstrated that lncRNA associated with human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBLC) is also expressed in canine lymphoma | Lymphoma | (155) |
| LncRNAs | LncRNA ZEB2-AS, SOX21-AS1, and CASC15, well-described in human cancer, was highly dysregulated in canine oral melanomas. | Melanoma | (159) x (160) x (161) x (162) |