Table 6.
Values of physiological parameters under investigation in the included studies.
| Types of fMRI | References | Parameter values at baseline | Parameter values during intervention | Parameter values during observation | Effect(s) and comments | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline BOLD signal | Baskerville et al. (2011) |
paO2 5% O2 plus air: 101.8 ± 9.0 5% O2 plus air: 101.65 ± 14.81 |
paO2 40% O2 plus air: 177.6 ± 30.5 100% O2: 445.93 ± 83.98 |
Yes | |||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Bock et al. (1998) |
paCO2 30% O2 plus 70% N2 pre exposure: 40.0 ± 2.2 post exposure: 39.3 ± 4.1 |
paCO2 6% CO2: 61.5 ± 6 |
No effect persisting 25 min post exposure | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Brevard et al. (2003) |
paCO2 Room air Awake: 38 ± 6 Anaesthetised: 49 ± 13 |
paCO2 5% CO2 Awake: 47 ± 9 Anaesthetised: 62 ± 18 10% CO2 Awake: 88 ± 12 Anaesthetised: 87 ± 8.7 |
Yes Awake and under Isoflurane |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | (Dunn and Swartz, 1997) | Not reported | Not reported Hypoxic gas mixtures, % not reported |
Partial | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Dunn and Swartz (1997) |
Not reported 30% O2 |
Not reported 10, 15 and 20% O2 |
Partial | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | (Duong, 2007) |
Not reported Room air |
Not reported 9, 12 and 17% O2 |
Partial Awake and under isoflurane |
|||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Dutka et al. (2002) |
paO2 40% O2 plus 60% N2 pre exposure: 117.3 ±11.7 post exposure (3 runs): 127.8 ± 17.5; 121.5 ± 15.6; 109.0 ± 8.2 |
paCO2 40% O2 plus 60% N2 pre exposure 31.3 ± 7.7 post exposure (3 runs) 28.5 ± 6.0; 29.0 ± 4.0; 35.3 ± 8.7 |
paO2 90% O2 plus 10% CO2 192.5 ± 20.4; 179.8 ±19.9; 175.5 ±19.0 |
paCO2 90% O2 plus 10% CO2 60.8 ± 9.6; 60.3 ± 9.8; 59.5 ±7.0 |
No effect persisting 25 min post exposure | |||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Graham et al. (1994) | Not reported |
Not reported 20% CO2 |
Yes | |||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Hempel et al. (1999) |
Blood pressure Systolic: 163 Diastolic: 109 |
Blood pressure blood withdrawal systolic: 81 diastolic: 54 |
Partial | |||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Herman et al. (2007) |
Blood pressure Not reported |
Blood pressure negative lower body pressure mean (?): 100, 80, 60, 40 |
Yes Values most likely mean arterial pressure (MAP), but not specified |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Houston et al. (2000) |
paO2 Room air 107 ± 12.5 |
paO2 100% N2 Not reported |
Partial | |||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Hsu et al. (1998) |
End-tidal pCO2 Mechanical ventilation, baseline settings 36.5 ± 0.4 |
End-tidal pCO2 Mechanical ventilation, hyperventilation 25.9 ± 0.3 |
Yes | |||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Huang et al. (2013) |
SpO2 Room air 94.4 ± 0.8, 94.6 ± 0.7 |
SpO2 15% O2 87.6 ± 1.6, 87.5 ± 1.9 |
Yes | |||||||||
| Central stimulation, phMRI | Kalisch et al. (2005) |
Blood pressure Phosphate-buffered saline mean (?): 113.19 ± 3.38 Phenylephrine mean (?):115.4 ± 1.54 |
Blood pressure Phosphate-buffered saline “BP dropped by – 35% within the first 5 min after APO (apomorphine, the drug under investigation) and then remained between – 15 and – 30% of baseline level until the end of the scan” Phenylephrine “BP changes were limited to a minor (– 10%) and transient (<5 min) BP decrease directly after APO administration” |
yes Expected activation from apomorphine only detected when blood pressure stabilised with phenylephrine |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Kalisch et al. (2001) |
Blood pressure Isoflurane: mean (?)103.2 ± 4.9 Halothane: mean (?) 111.6 ± 8.1 Propofol: mean (?)133.3 ± 12.3 |
Blood pressure Blood withdrawal Isoflurane:−2.8 to−61.7 (from baseline), average approx.−20 Halothane:−8.1 to−46.1), average approx.−20 Propofol:−4 to−82.6), average approx.−50 |
Partial | |||||||||
| Resting state | Kalthoff et al. (2011) | SpO2 respiratory rate (RR) heart rate (HR) temperature (T) respiratory waveforms cardiac waveforms values not reported |
SpO2, RR and HR and T: no. Excluded from regression because correlated to 1st to 4th order drift terms. Respiratory and cardiac waveforms: partial. Respiratory regressors strong correlations, cardiac regressors correlation “less pronounced”. |
||||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Kannurpatti et al. (2002) |
SpO2 Room air: 96.0 ± 1.0 100% O2: 99.8 ± 0.1 |
paO2 Room air: 96.3 ± 10.2 100% O2: 330 ± 67.0 |
paCO2 Room air: 33.6 ± 7.4 100% O2: 34.6 ± 6.5 |
SpO2 Apnoea Room air: 28.9 ± 5.1 100% O2: 99.8 ± 0. |
paO2 Apnoea Room air: 20.4 ± 4.0 100% O2: 343 ± 73.2 |
paCO2 Apnoea Room air: 47.6 ± 3.9 100% O2: 54.2 ± 7.3 |
Yes (both conditions) | |||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Kannurpatti et al. (2003a) |
SpO2 Room air: 97.6 ± 0.7 100% O2: 99.8 ± 0.1 2% CO2: 91.3 ± 2.9 5% CO2: 83.9 ± 2 95% O2 plus 5 % CO2: 99.6 ± 0.1 |
paO2 Room air: 96.3 ± 10.2 100% O2: 329.8 ± 67.0 2% CO2: 70.5 ± 4.6 5% CO2: 64.4 ± 5.9 95% O2 plus 5 % CO2: 305.6 ± 62.5 |
paCO2 Room air: 33.6 ± 6.5 100% O2: 34.5 ± 6.4 2% CO2: 59.6 ± 5.3 5% CO2: 95.6 ± 6.5 95% O2 plus 5 % CO2: 85.9 ± 8.9 |
SpO2 Apnoea Room air: 28.9 ± 5.1 100% O2: 99.8 ± 0.1 2% CO2: 24.8 ± 5.9 5% CO2: 13.7 ± 5.5 95% O2 plus 5% CO2: 99.7 ± 0.1 |
paO2 Apnoea Room air: 20.4 ± 3.9 100% O2: 342.7 ± 73.2 2% CO2: 25.5 ± 5.78 5% CO2: 19.1 ± 3.8 95% O2 plus 5% CO2: 311.3 ± 25.9 |
paCO2 Apnoea Room air: 49.6 ± 3.8 100% O2: 56.2 ± 7.3 2% CO2: 78.3 ± 7.4 5% CO2: 108.6 ± 8.8 95% O2 plus 5% CO2: 121.3 ± 6.0 |
Hyperoxia: no Hypercapnia: partial Combined hyperoxia and hypercapnia: yes Apnoea: yes/yes/yes/no |
|||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Kannurpatti et al. (2003b) |
SpO2 Room air 97.1 ± 0.9 |
paO2 Room air 96.5 ± 8.3 |
paCO2 Room air 32.2 ± 6.1 |
SpO2 Apnoea 20 s: 28.9 ± 5.1 30 s: 17.3 ± 5.7 |
paO2 Apnoea 20 s: 24.4 ± 3.9 30 s: 16.2 ± 4.5 |
paCO2 Apnoea 20 s: 47.6 ± 3.5 30 s: 53.2 ± 4.1 |
Yes | |||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | (Kannurpatti and Biswal, 2004) |
SpO2 Room air: 97.6 ± 0.7; 6.0 ± 0.4 100% O2: 99.8 ± 0.1; 99.8 ± 0.1 2% CO2: 91.3 ± 2.9; 92.5 ± 3.1 5% O2: 83.9 ± 2; 85.6 ± 2.6 |
paO2 Room air: 96.3 ± 10.2; 80.1 ± 3.2 100% O2: 329.8 ± 67.0; 323.0 ± 85.0 2% CO2: 70.5 ± 4.6; 71.2 ± 2.5 5% O2: 64.4 ± 5.9 66.2 ± 2.0 |
paCO2 Room air: 33.5 ± 7.39; 31.7 ± 4.2 100% O2: 34.5 ± 6.4; 34.± 5.0 2% CO2: 59.6 ± 5.3; 60.1 ± 5.2 5% O2: 95.6 ± 6.5; 92.5 ± 6.6 |
SpO2 Apnoea Room air: 28.9 ± 5.1; 80.1 ± 3.2 100% O2: 99.8 ± 0.1; 99.0 ± 0.2 2% CO2: 24.8 ± 5.9; 24.8 ± 5.9 5% CO2: 13.7 ± 5.5; 13.7 ± 5.5 |
paO2 Apnoea Room air: 20.4 ± 3.9; 38.0 ± 6.8 100% O2: 42.7 ± 73.2; 76.5 ± 35.4 2% CO2: 25.5 ± 5.78; 25.5 ± 5.78 5% CO2: 19.1 ± 3.8; 19.1 ± 3.8 |
paCO2 Apnoea Room air: 47.6 ± 3.8; 41.6 ± 3.8 100% O2: 54.2 ± 7.3; 55.6 ± 3.5 2% CO2: 78.3 ± 7.4; 78.3 ± 7.4 5% CO2: 108.6 ± 8.8; 108.6 ± 8.8 |
Apnoea: yes/yes/yes Each condition: first value under pentobarbital, second value under urethane |
|||||
| Resting state | Kannurpatti et al. (2008) |
Blood pressure Mean 110 ± 10 |
Blood pressure Blood withdrawal Mean 68 ± 7 |
Yes | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Kida et al. (1996) |
Not reported 100% O2 |
Not reported 20, 15, 10 and 5% O2 |
Partial | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Lin et al. (1998a) |
Haematocrit (hct) 44.6 ± 2.7 |
Haematocrit Mild haemodilution: 33.4 ± 2.1 Moderate haemodilution: 26.2 ± 1.7 % |
Yes | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Lin et al. (1998b) |
SpO2 Normal haematocrit (42.83 ±2.33): 90.05 ± 4.05 Mild anaemia (hct 33.4 ± 1.88): 97.72 ± 0.067 Moderate anaemia (hct 27.14 ± 2.7): 98.5 ± 0.44 |
paO2 Normal haematocrit (42.83 ±2.33): 94.1 ± 22.15 Mild anaemia (hct 33.4 ± 1.88): 179.9 ± 14.03 Moderate anaemia (hct 27.14 ± 2.7): 179.91 ± 15.69 |
SpO2 Hypoxic gas mixture; % not reported Normal haematocrit (42.83 ±2.33): 48.89 ± 14.41 Mild anaemia (hct 33.4 ± 1.88): 35.89 ± 10.14 Moderate anaemia (hct 27.14 ± 2.7): 51.95 ± 22.34 |
paO2 Hypoxic gas mixture; % not reported Normal haematocrit (42.83 ±2.33%): 38.74 ± 13.93 Mild anaemia (hct 33.4 ± 1.88): 35.08 ± 6.24 Moderate anaemia (hct 27.14 ± 2.7): 56.27 ± 49.9 |
Partial | |||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Lin et al. (1998c) |
SpO2 Room air 90.5 ± 4.05 |
paO2 Room air 94.1 ± 22.15 |
SpO2 10-11% O2 56.4 ± 13.50 4-5% O2 38.1 ± 6.98 |
paO2 10-11% O2 45.0 ± 15.10 4-5% O2 29.7 ± 3.71 |
Partial | |||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Lowry et al. (2010) |
Not reported 30% O2 plus 70% N2 |
Not reported 0% O2 (100% N2); 50, 70, 100% O2 |
Hypoxia: partial Hyperoxia: partial |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Lu et al. (2009) |
paO2 Room air 95.3 ± 15.1 |
paCO2 Room air 34.4 ± 4.5 |
paO2 100% O2 113.2 ± 131.2 |
paCO2 5% CO2 69.8 ± 7.1 partial |
Hyperoxia: yes Hypercapnia: partial |
|||||||
| Central stimulation, phMRI | Luo et al. (2003) |
Blood pressure mean 108 ± 8 |
Blood pressure After drug administration 30–80 % increase from baseline |
No Relevant activations after cocaine, but not after exclusively peripherally acting cocaine methiodide. |
|||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, mechanical visceral | Min et al. (2011) |
Blood pressure Not reported |
Blood pressure “peaked at (approx.) 30 mm Hg above control conditions” |
Yes “Nonlinear regres- sion analysis revealed that a quadratic model best explained the relationship between changes in BOLD fMRI signal intensity and BP.” |
|||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical; resting state | Nasrallah et al. (2015) |
paO2 47% O2 plus 53% air: 216.8 ± 3.6 |
paCO2 47% O2 plus 53% air: 27.2 ± 1.2 |
End-tidal pCO2 47% O2 plus 53% air: 18.3 ± 0.3 |
paO2 100% O2: 344.7 ± 6.8 1% CO2: 227.6 ± 6.0 2% CO2: 229.5 ± 4.9 5% CO2: 238 ± 5.5 95% O2: plus 5% CO2: 344.7 ± 6.8 |
paCO2 100% O2: 28.7 ± 3.0 1% CO2: 32.2 ± 1.1 2% CO2: 35.5 ± 1.6 5% CO2: 53.5 ± 2.2 95% O2: plus 5% CO2: 28.7 ± 3.0 |
End-tidal pCO2 100% O2: 18.1 ± 0.6 1% CO2: 28.8 ± 0.7 2% CO2: 35.8 ± 1.3 5% CO2: 54.2 ± 1.3 95% O2: plus 5% CO2: 58 ± 2.2 |
Stimulation: Hyperoxia: yes Hypercapnia: yes Hyperoxia plus hypercapnia: yes Resting state: Hyperoxia: yes Hypercapnia: partial Hyperoxia plus hypercapnia: partial |
|||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Prielmeier et al. (1993) |
Not reported 30% O2 plus 70% N2O |
Not reported 0% O2 (100% N2O) |
Partial | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Prielmeier et al. (1994) |
Not reported 30% O2 plus 70% N2 |
Not reported Not reported |
Partial | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal; peripheral stimulation, electrical | Qiao et al. (2007) |
Blood pressure Not reported |
Blood pressure Noradrenaline 4–75 mmHg increase |
Baseline: partial Stimulation: partial |
|||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Ramos-Cabrer et al. (2005) |
Transcutaneous pCO2 Results shown in graphs as % changes relative to baseline transcutaneous pCO2 measurements; qualitatively 3 patterns identified |
Yes | ||||||||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Schlegel et al. (2015) |
SpO2, heart rate, pulse distension, Values shown only in graphs |
Yes No changes in physiological parameters = more specific activation maps when randomised single pulse stimuli instead of block stimulation used. Under isoflurane as well as under medetomidine. |
||||||||||
| Central stimulation, phMRI | Schmidt et al. (2006) |
Respiratory rate 81 ± 7 |
Heart rate 405 ± 49 |
Blood pressure 113 ± 14 |
Respiratory rate 103 ± 16 (sign. increase) |
Heart rate 394 ± 39 (no sign. change) |
Blood pressure 119 ± 15 (sign. increase) |
No (all) Activations persist after return of RR, HR and BP to baseline. |
|||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Schroeter et al. (2014) |
SpO2 Isoflurane: 95.8 ± 1.0–96.6 ± 0.5 Medetomidine: 94.1 ±1.4–96.7 ± 0.6 Propofol: 91.2 ± 2.2–97.2 ± 1.1 Urethane: 94.5 ± 0.5–95.9 ± 0.9 |
Heart rate Isoflurane: 502.1 ± 25.2–546.0 ± 17.5 Medetomidine: 331.3 ± 20.7–390.9 ± 27.4 Propofol: 517.1 ± 27.5 to 582.8 ± 111.6 Urethane: 626.3 ± 7.7–648.5 ± 16.0 |
Pulse distension (μm) Isoflurane: 12.7 ± 0.2–13.5 ± 0.1 Medetomidine: 16.2 ± 3.5–22.0 ± 9.7 Propofol: 23.7 ± 1.8–44.2 ± 10.1 Urethane: 10.1 ± 0.5–12.2 ± 0.5 to 10.1 |
SpO2 Isoflurane: 93.4 ± 1.1–96.6 ± 0.5 Medetomidine: 95.8 ± 1.0–96.8 ± 0.9 Propofol: 97.2 ± 0.5–97.8 ± 0.3 Urethane: 89.8 ± 0.2–95.9 ± 0.9 |
Heart rate Isoflurane: 502.1 ± 25.2–520.7 ± 12.2 Medetomidine: 331.3 ± 20.7–388.8 ± 80.8 Propofol: 517.1 v 27.5–609.8 ± 27.8 Urethane: 644.1 ± 11.6–658.3 ± 8.8 |
Pulse distension (μ
m) Isoflurane: 12.7 ± 0.2–13.8 ± 2.1 Medetomidine: 13.7 ± 2.6–21.6 ± 7.1 Propofol: 37.5 ± 12.5–43.2 ± 10.4 Urethane: 8.7 ± 0.7–12.2 ± 0.5 |
Yes Values represent range of values measured in different time periods. |
|||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Schroeter et al. (2017) |
SpO2 range at 1.1 to 1.5% isoflurane in different strains 94.73 ± 0.41–97.50 ± 0.36 |
Heart rate range at 1.1 to 1.5% isoflurane in different strains 517.73 ± 7.99–610.67 ± 9.67 |
Pulse distension (μm) range at 1.1 to 1.5% isoflurane in different strains 11.39 ± 1.42–19.22 ± 1.14 |
SpO2 Not reported |
Heart rate Not reported |
Pulse distension (μ
m) Not reported |
Yes Bilateral responses to unilateral hindpaw stimulation in acallosal mice |
|||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Sedlacik et al. (2015) | Not reported |
Not reported 100% O2 10% CO2 |
Hyperoxia: yes Hypercapnia: yes |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Sicard et al. (2003) |
paCO2 Room air Awake: 36 ± 3 Isoflurane: 36 ± 2 |
paCO2 5% CO2 (21% O2) Awake: 47 ± 4 Isoflurane 50 ± 5 10% CO2 (21% O2) Awake: 65 ± 5 Isoflurane 69 ± 2 |
Partial | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | (Sicard and Duong, 2005) |
SpO2 21% O2 plus 79% N2: 97 ± 0.4 |
paO2 21% O2 plus 79% N2: 88 ± 2 |
paCO2 21% O2 plus 79% N2: 37 ± 1 |
SpO2 12% O2 (88% N2): 83 ± 3 9% O2 (91% N2): 75 ± 3 100% O2: 99 ± 0.0 5% CO2 (21% O2): 97 ± 0.4 10% CO2 (21% O2): 96 ± 0.4 |
paO2 12% O2 (88% N2): 40 ± 1 9% O2 (91% N2): 33 ± 2 100% O2: 324 ± 7 5% CO2 (21% O2): 102 ± 3 10% CO2 (21% O2): 112 ± 2 |
paCO2 12% O2 (88% N2): 32 ± 1 9% O2 (91% N2): 26 ± 1 100% O2: 40 ± 1 5% CO2 (21% O2): 49 ± 2 10% CO2 (21% O2): 70 ± 2 |
Hypoxia: yes Hyperoxia: yes Hypercapnia: yes |
|||||
| Peripheral stimulation, electrical | Sumiyoshi et al. (2012) |
paO2 114 ± 16 (86–161) |
paCO2 38.8 ± 7.3 (23.5–56.3) |
pH 7.34 ± 0.04 (7.24–7.45) |
Heart rate 467 ± 44 beats/min (376–571) |
Blood pressure 105 ± 17 (66–141) |
No (all parameters) | ||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Tsurugizawa et al. (2016) |
Blood pressure 1.5% isoflurane: mean 79 ± 5 |
Blood pressure 2.0% isoflurane: mean 68 ± 7 2.5% isoflurane: mean 64 ± 3.0% isoflurane: mean 62 ± 6 |
No (monotonic blood pressure decrease with higher concentrations vs inverse U shape of BOLD signal) |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal; peripheral stimulation, chemical somatosensory | Tuor et al. (2002) |
Blood pressure Mean 104 ± 10 (pre-treatment with morphine: 77 ± 20) |
Blood pressure noradrenaline increase in mean from baseline 58 ± 23 (15–90) |
Blood pressure Formalin injection in paw No pre-treatment: increase in mean from baseline 29 ± 14 (15–55) pre-treatment with morphine: increase in mean from baseline 46 ± 13 |
Baseline: yes Stimulation (i.e., effect of BP changes on response to formalin): partial |
||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal; peripheral stimulation, electrical | Tuor et al. (2007) |
Blood pressure Stroke group: 98 ± 21 Control: 99 ± 18 |
Blood pressure Noradrenaline Not reported |
Baseline: partial Stimulation: partial |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Vanhoutte et al. (2006) |
Body temperature 37.0 |
Body temperature Warming and cooling 39.0–39.2 38.0 |
Yes | |||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal; peripheral stimulation, electrical | Wang et al. (2006) |
Blood pressure Mean (?) 109 ± 19 |
Blood pressure Trimetaphan camsilate (vasodilator) decreases relative to baseline 1–10, 11–30, 31–45, 46–60, >60 Noradrenaline Increases relative to baseline baseline: 1–10, 11–30, 31–45, 46–60 an > 60 |
Baseline: Decrease: yes Increase: yes Stimulation Decrease: no Increase: yes |
|||||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Xu et al. (2000) |
paO2 spontaneous ventilation: 98.50 ± 2.86 controlled ventilation: 113.94 ± 5.92 |
paCO2 spontaneous ventilation: 50.25 ± 1.86 controlled ventilation: 39.04 ± 3.21 |
paO2 After heroine administration spontaneous ventilation: 70.93 ± 1.57 controlled ventilation: 106.68 ± 10.02 |
paCO2 After heroine administration spontaneous ventilation: 67.58 ± 1.83 controlled ventilation: 39.44 ± 3.07 |
Yes (difference between modes of ventilation) | |||||||
| Baseline BOLD signal | Zaharchuk et al. (1999) |
Blood pressure mean 130 ± 12 |
Blood pressure Blood withdrawal “mild hypotension”: 53 ± 3 “severe hypotension”: 26 ± 8 |
No | |||||||||
References are sorted in alphabetical order. The parameters under investigation and the interventions to achieve those changes (interventional studies) or performed as part of the “normal” experiment during the observation period (observational studies) are indicated. The units used are: % for SpO2 and haematocrit; mmHg for paO2, paCO2, end-tidal pCO2 and arterial blood pressure; beats or breaths per minute for heart rate and respiratory rate; °C for temperature. Not reported = physiological parameter values and/or details of the intervention were not reported.