Fig. 5.

Measuring motivational behavior outside an operant environment. a Open-field test. b Porsolt swim test. Nlgn1^−/− mice (with previous operant experience) show decreased exploration and spontaneous locomotor activity in a novel, open-field environment. c Ambulatory distance (centimeters) (generalized linear model **p < 0.005) and d resting time (seconds) (mixed-effects linear model **p < 0.005) but no changes in e velocity (centimeters/second) (mixed-effects linear model). Values represent means ± SEM. f Nlgn1^−/− mice showed increased mobility time (seconds) in the Porsolt swim test; two-way ANOVA, time bins collapsed for analysis, main effect of genotype **p < 0.005, values represent means ± SEM