Table 3.
Changes in HDL-C Based on Consumption of Plain Black Coffee with and without Additives
| Variables | β-Coefficient | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Coffee consumption (Ref: coffee with additives (<1 cup/wk) |
||
| Coffee with additives, 1–4 cups/wk | 0.4995 | 0.6488 |
| Coffee with additives, ≥5 cups/wk | 0.8860 | 0.4543 |
| Black coffee only/<1 cup/wk | 1.9295 | 0.3052 |
| Black coffee only, 1–4 cups/wk | 4.0674 | 0.0007 |
| Black coffee only, ≥5 cups/wk | 4.1253 | 0.0008 |
| Sex (Ref: Women) | ||
| Men | −12.0459 | <0.0001 |
| Age (year) | 0.0570 | 0.0966 |
| Cigarette smoking (Ref: Never) | ||
| Former | 1.0855 | 0.4756 |
| Current | −2.2314 | 0.0419 |
| Alcohol drinking (Ref: Never) | ||
| Former | 5.2311 | 0.0157 |
| Current | 5.3071 | <0.0001 |
| Betel nut chewing (Ref: Never) | ||
| Former | −2.7443 | 0.1677 |
| Current | −0.8676 | 0.6626 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (Ref: 18.5–23.9) | ||
| <18.5 | 5.0816 | 0.0178 |
| 24.0–26.9 | −4.9592 | <0.0001 |
| ≥ 27.0 | −9.8681 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetarian diet (Ref: No) | ||
| Yes | 0.6096 | 0.6453 |
| Exercise(Ref: No) | ||
| Yes | 0.9313 | 0.2184 |
| Non-HDL(Ref: <130 mg/dL) | ||
| ≥130 mg/dL | −2.4446 | 0.0013 |
Abbreviations: β, beta; wk, week; ref, reference; BMI, body mass index.