Table 1.

NPT constructs and related implementation factors

NPT construct	Definition	Related implementation factors
Collective sense-making	Promoting coherence of a practice by users	Stimulating stakeholder awareness and understanding of changes expected through a practice (differentiation) Ensuring coherence across users in terms of the value of a practice (internalization)
Cognitive participation	Users’ legitimization and adaptation of a practice	Stimulating individual and collective motivation for participation (initiation) Defining roles and differentiating responsibilities (enrolment) Generating buy-in based on existing desires and contextual realities (legitimation) Providing materials and information necessary to carry out roles (activation)
Collective action	Supportive or inhibitory actions by users to enact a practice	Managing users’ interpretations of roles and their interactions with one another in action (interactional workability) Integration of a practice based on users’ skills and actions (skill-set workability) Monitoring operationalization of a practice in relation to existing structures and procedures (contextual integration)
Reflexive monitoring	Enhanced understanding of the effects of a practice	Ongoing assessment of the process, value and impact (communal appraisal) Adjustment and adaptation to enhance impact (reconfiguration)

Adapted from ‘Implementing, Embedding, and Integrating Practices: An Outline of Normalization Process Theory’ (May and Finch, 2009).