. 2017 Nov 2;25(6):635–644. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocx122

Table 3.

Differences in state and territorial HIE laws (June 2016)

Jurisdiction	Governance		HIE Participation and Use						Patient Engagement
	Law authorizes statewide HIE	Entity granted HIE operational control	Health authority access	Other state agency access	Medical lab access	Pharmacy access	Research institution access	Payer access	Patient access	Public transparency
AK	Yes	SDE	Yes	Yes	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a		Yes	Yes	Yes
AL
AR	Yes	SDE	Ambiguous^b	Ambiguous^b	Yes	Yes		Yes
AZ									Yes	Yes
CA	Yes	State option	Yes^c	Yes^c	Ambiguous^a^,^c	Ambiguous^a^,^c	Ambiguous^b	Yes^c	Ambiguous^b	Yes
CO						Ambiguous^a
CT	Yes	SDE	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Ambiguous^d
DC	Yes	SDE	Yes				Yes
DE	Yes	SDE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
FL	Ambiguous^d	Ambiguous^d						Yes
GA
HI
IA	Yes	Ambiguous^d	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ID	Yes	State entity	Yes							Yes
IL	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes
IN
KS	Yes		Yes		Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a		Yes		Yes
KY	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
LA			Yes			Yes
MA	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes		Ambiguous^a		Yes	Yes
MD	Yes	SDE	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
ME	Yes	SDE						Yes
MI
MN	Yes	SDE	Yes	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
MO			Yes	Yes	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a		Yes
MS	Yes	SDE			Yes	Yes		Yes
MT
NC	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a	Yes	Yes
ND	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^b	Yes	Yes
NE	Ambiguous^d		Yes			Yes
NH	Yes	SDE	Yes		Ambiguous^a	Yes			Yes
NJ	Yes
NM					Ambiguous^a	Yes
NV	Yes	State option			Ambiguous^a	Yes		Yes	Yes
NY	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes	Yes			Yes		Yes
OH					Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a		Yes		Yes
OK	Yes	State entity	Yes	Yes	Yes	Ambiguous
OR					Yes	Yes
PA	Yes	State entity	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes		Yes
PR	Yes	SDE	Ambiguous^b		Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a		Ambiguous^b
RI	Yes	SDE	Yes		Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
SC	Ambiguous^d		Yes
SD
TN
TX	Yes	SDE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes
UT	Ambiguous^d		Yes	Yes	Yes	Ambiguous^a		Yes
VA								Yes
VI			Yes	Yes	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^a	Ambiguous^b
VT	Yes	SDE	Yes	Yes				Yes	Yes	Yes
WA	Yes	SDE	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
WI	Yes	SDE	Yes	Yes		Yes		Yes
WV	Yes	SDE	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
WY			Yes

^aCoded “Ambiguous” if the law authorizes the use of an HIE for “treatment” or to “facilitate health care,” unless otherwise mentioned (includes criteria under b and d).

^bCoded “Ambiguous” if the law references potential HIE participants in a “legislative declarations” or “legislative findings” section but does not clearly indicate that a participant would actually use the HIE (includes criteria under d).

^cLegal provisions for HIE pilots.

^dCoded “Ambiguous” if the law either satisfies the coding criteria or not, depending on differing reasonable interpretations of the terms of the law.