Table 2.

Study results grouped by ICD chapter

First Author	Condition	Reference Standard	Validation Results
			Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	Kappa
Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
Lo Re35	Hepatitis C virus infection	GP questionnaire	.	.	86	.	.
Lo Re35	Viral hepatitis	GP questionnaire	.	.	76	.	.
Neoplasms
Cea Soriano16	Colorectal cancer	Chart review	.	.	80	.	.
Dregan22	Colorectal cancer	Cancer registry data	92	99	98	99*	.
Dregan22	Lung cancer	Cancer registry data	94	99	96	99*	.
Dregan22	Gastro-esophageal cancer	Cancer registry data	92	99	97	99*	.
Dregan22	Urological cancer	Cancer registry data	85	99	93	99*	.
Mamtani37	Bladder cancer	GP questionnaire and medical reports	.	.	99	.	.
Mamtani37	Muscle invasive bladder cancer	GP questionnaire and medical reports	.	.	70	.	.
Wang50	Ovarian cancer	Chart review	86	.	74	.	.
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases
Coleman18	Diabetes	Chart review	90	97	91	97*	88
de Burgos-Lunar21	Diabetes mellitus	Chart review	100	99	91	100	99
Gil Montalban25	Diabetes mellitus	Data from PREDIMERC	74	99	88	97	78
Hirsch30	Diabetes	Chart review	65-99	99-100*	98-100	94-99*	.
Kadhim-Saleh31	Diabetes	Primary audit of EMRs	100	99	95	100	.
Rahimi42	Type 2 diabetes	Manual audit of EHR	85*	99*	98	99	.
Turchin48	Overweight	Chart and billing code review	74; 14	100	.	.	67
Turchin48	Diabetes	Chart and billing code review	98; 98	98; 98	.	.	94
Williamson5	Diabetes	Chart review	96	97	87	99	.
Mental disorders
Coleman18	Depression	Chart review	73	96	87	90*	72
Kadhim-Saleh31	Depression	Primary audit of EMRs	39	97	79	86	.
Williamson5	Dementia	Chart review	97	98	73	100	.
Williamson5	Depression	Chart review	81	95	80	95	.
Diseases of the nervous system
Krysko33	Multiple sclerosis	Chart review	92	100	99	100	95
Tian47	Chronic pain	Chart review	85	98	91	96	.
Williamson5	Parkinsonism	Chart review	99	99	82	100	.
Williamson5	Epilepsy	Chart review	99	99	86	100	.
Diseases of the eye and adnexa
Kang32	Cataract	GP questionnaire	.	.	92	.	.
Kang32	Glaucoma	GP questionnaire	.	.	84	.	.
MacRae36	Otitis media	Chart review	58	99	90	94	.
Diseases of the circulatory system
Coleman18	Hypertension	Chart review	95	79	93	86*	76
Coloma19	Acute myocardial infarction	Chart review/GP questionnaire	.	.	60-97	.	.
de Burgos-Lunar21	Hypertension	Chart review	85	97	85	97	77
Gray26	Ischemic heart disease	Chart review	47-96	.	33-83	.	.
Kadhim-Saleh31	Hypertension	Primary audit of EMRs	83	98	98	81	.
Onofrei40	Heart failure: LVEF ≤ 55%	Echocardiography database, echo in chart, chart review	44	100	36	100	.
Onofrei40	Heart failure: LVEF ≤ 40%	Echocardiography database, echo in chart, chart review	54	99	25	100	.
Rakotz43	Undiagnosed hypertension	AOBP measurement	.	.	51-58	.	.
Thiru46	Coronary heart disease	Established EMR definitions	65-98	.	40-74	.	.
Turchin48	Hypertension	Chart and billing code review	91; 74	86; 92	.	.	77
Williamson5	Hypertension	Chart review	85	94	93	86	.
Diseases of the respiratory system
Afzal14	Pediatric asthma	Chart review	95-98	67-95	57-82	.	.
Coleman18	COPD	Chart review	72	92	37	98*	44
Cowan20	Asthma	Expert panel diagnosis	82-92	95-98	.	.	.
Faulconer24	COPD	Chart review	79	99*	75	99*	.
Hammersley29	Allergic rhinitis	Chart review	17-85	86-100	15-100	96-99	.
Kadhim-Saleh31	COPD	Primary audit of EMRs	41	99	80	94	.
Quint41	COPD	Chart review/GP questionnaire	.	.	12-89	.	.
Rothnie44	Acute exacerbations of COPD	Chart review/GP questionnaire	52-88	.	64-86	.	.
Williamson5	COPD	Chart review	82	97	72	98	.
Xi51	Asthma	Chart review	74-90	84-93	67-81*	90-96*	.
MacRae36	Upper respiratory tract infection	Chart review	54	98	86	89	.
MacRae36	Lower respiratory tract infection	Chart review	61	99	76	98	.
MacRae36	Wheeze illness	Chart review	96	96	70	100	.
MacRae36	Throat infections	Chart review	50	99	91	95	.
MacRae36	Other respiratory	Chart review	66	99	68	99	.
Diseases of the digestive system
Afzal15	Hepatobiliary disease	Chart review	89-92	68-79	.	.	.
Margulis38	Upper gastrointestinal complications	GP questionnaire	.	.	95	.	.
Margulis38	Peptic ulcer	GP questionnaire	.	.	94	.	.
Valkhoff49	Upper gastrointestinal bleeding	Expert panel review/chart review	.	.	21; 78	.	.
Scott45	Intra-abdominal surgery complications, small bowel obstruction, and lysis of adhesions	GP questionnaire	.	.	86-95	.	.
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Gu27	Skin and subcutaneous tissue infections	Chart review	95	98	80	100	.
Levine34	Skin and soft tissue infections	Chart review	.	.	53-92	.	.
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
Coleman18	Osteoarthritis	Chart review	63	94	96	51*	46
Dubreuil23	Ankylosing spondylitis	GP questionnaire	30-98	.	71-89	.	.
Kadhim-Saleh31	Osteoarthritis	Primary audit of EMRs	45	100	100	68	.
Nielen39	Inflammatory arthritis	Chart review	.	.	78	.	.
Williamson5	Osteoarthritis	Chart review	78	95	88	90	.
Zhou52	Rheumatoid arthritis	Secondary care electronic patient records	86-89	91-95	79-86	.	.
Diseases of the genitourinary system
Afzal15	Acute renal failure	Chart review	62-71	88-92	.	.	.
Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities
Charlton17	Major congenital malformations	Chart review	.	.	85	.	.
Hammad28	Congenital cardiac malformations	GP questionnaire	.	.	0-100	.	.

Abbreviations: ICD = International Classification of Diseases; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value.

^*indicates calculated values based upon published data.