Table 2.
First Author | Condition | Reference Standard | Validation Results |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Kappa | |||
Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | |||||||
Lo Re35 | Hepatitis C virus infection | GP questionnaire | . | . | 86 | . | . |
Lo Re35 | Viral hepatitis | GP questionnaire | . | . | 76 | . | . |
Neoplasms | |||||||
Cea Soriano16 | Colorectal cancer | Chart review | . | . | 80 | . | . |
Dregan22 | Colorectal cancer | Cancer registry data | 92 | 99 | 98 | 99* | . |
Dregan22 | Lung cancer | Cancer registry data | 94 | 99 | 96 | 99* | . |
Dregan22 | Gastro-esophageal cancer | Cancer registry data | 92 | 99 | 97 | 99* | . |
Dregan22 | Urological cancer | Cancer registry data | 85 | 99 | 93 | 99* | . |
Mamtani37 | Bladder cancer | GP questionnaire and medical reports | . | . | 99 | . | . |
Mamtani37 | Muscle invasive bladder cancer | GP questionnaire and medical reports | . | . | 70 | . | . |
Wang50 | Ovarian cancer | Chart review | 86 | . | 74 | . | . |
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | |||||||
Coleman18 | Diabetes | Chart review | 90 | 97 | 91 | 97* | 88 |
de Burgos-Lunar21 | Diabetes mellitus | Chart review | 100 | 99 | 91 | 100 | 99 |
Gil Montalban25 | Diabetes mellitus | Data from PREDIMERC | 74 | 99 | 88 | 97 | 78 |
Hirsch30 | Diabetes | Chart review | 65-99 | 99-100* | 98-100 | 94-99* | . |
Kadhim-Saleh31 | Diabetes | Primary audit of EMRs | 100 | 99 | 95 | 100 | . |
Rahimi42 | Type 2 diabetes | Manual audit of EHR | 85* | 99* | 98 | 99 | . |
Turchin48 | Overweight | Chart and billing code review | 74; 14 | 100 | . | . | 67 |
Turchin48 | Diabetes | Chart and billing code review | 98; 98 | 98; 98 | . | . | 94 |
Williamson5 | Diabetes | Chart review | 96 | 97 | 87 | 99 | . |
Mental disorders | |||||||
Coleman18 | Depression | Chart review | 73 | 96 | 87 | 90* | 72 |
Kadhim-Saleh31 | Depression | Primary audit of EMRs | 39 | 97 | 79 | 86 | . |
Williamson5 | Dementia | Chart review | 97 | 98 | 73 | 100 | . |
Williamson5 | Depression | Chart review | 81 | 95 | 80 | 95 | . |
Diseases of the nervous system | |||||||
Krysko33 | Multiple sclerosis | Chart review | 92 | 100 | 99 | 100 | 95 |
Tian47 | Chronic pain | Chart review | 85 | 98 | 91 | 96 | . |
Williamson5 | Parkinsonism | Chart review | 99 | 99 | 82 | 100 | . |
Williamson5 | Epilepsy | Chart review | 99 | 99 | 86 | 100 | . |
Diseases of the eye and adnexa | |||||||
Kang32 | Cataract | GP questionnaire | . | . | 92 | . | . |
Kang32 | Glaucoma | GP questionnaire | . | . | 84 | . | . |
MacRae36 | Otitis media | Chart review | 58 | 99 | 90 | 94 | . |
Diseases of the circulatory system | |||||||
Coleman18 | Hypertension | Chart review | 95 | 79 | 93 | 86* | 76 |
Coloma19 | Acute myocardial infarction | Chart review/GP questionnaire | . | . | 60-97 | . | . |
de Burgos-Lunar21 | Hypertension | Chart review | 85 | 97 | 85 | 97 | 77 |
Gray26 | Ischemic heart disease | Chart review | 47-96 | . | 33-83 | . | . |
Kadhim-Saleh31 | Hypertension | Primary audit of EMRs | 83 | 98 | 98 | 81 | . |
Onofrei40 | Heart failure: LVEF ≤ 55% | Echocardiography database, echo in chart, chart review | 44 | 100 | 36 | 100 | . |
Onofrei40 | Heart failure: LVEF ≤ 40% | Echocardiography database, echo in chart, chart review | 54 | 99 | 25 | 100 | . |
Rakotz43 | Undiagnosed hypertension | AOBP measurement | . | . | 51-58 | . | . |
Thiru46 | Coronary heart disease | Established EMR definitions | 65-98 | . | 40-74 | . | . |
Turchin48 | Hypertension | Chart and billing code review | 91; 74 | 86; 92 | . | . | 77 |
Williamson5 | Hypertension | Chart review | 85 | 94 | 93 | 86 | . |
Diseases of the respiratory system | |||||||
Afzal14 | Pediatric asthma | Chart review | 95-98 | 67-95 | 57-82 | . | . |
Coleman18 | COPD | Chart review | 72 | 92 | 37 | 98* | 44 |
Cowan20 | Asthma | Expert panel diagnosis | 82-92 | 95-98 | . | . | . |
Faulconer24 | COPD | Chart review | 79 | 99* | 75 | 99* | . |
Hammersley29 | Allergic rhinitis | Chart review | 17-85 | 86-100 | 15-100 | 96-99 | . |
Kadhim-Saleh31 | COPD | Primary audit of EMRs | 41 | 99 | 80 | 94 | . |
Quint41 | COPD | Chart review/GP questionnaire | . | . | 12-89 | . | . |
Rothnie44 | Acute exacerbations of COPD | Chart review/GP questionnaire | 52-88 | . | 64-86 | . | . |
Williamson5 | COPD | Chart review | 82 | 97 | 72 | 98 | . |
Xi51 | Asthma | Chart review | 74-90 | 84-93 | 67-81* | 90-96* | . |
MacRae36 | Upper respiratory tract infection | Chart review | 54 | 98 | 86 | 89 | . |
MacRae36 | Lower respiratory tract infection | Chart review | 61 | 99 | 76 | 98 | . |
MacRae36 | Wheeze illness | Chart review | 96 | 96 | 70 | 100 | . |
MacRae36 | Throat infections | Chart review | 50 | 99 | 91 | 95 | . |
MacRae36 | Other respiratory | Chart review | 66 | 99 | 68 | 99 | . |
Diseases of the digestive system | |||||||
Afzal15 | Hepatobiliary disease | Chart review | 89-92 | 68-79 | . | . | . |
Margulis38 | Upper gastrointestinal complications | GP questionnaire | . | . | 95 | . | . |
Margulis38 | Peptic ulcer | GP questionnaire | . | . | 94 | . | . |
Valkhoff49 | Upper gastrointestinal bleeding | Expert panel review/chart review | . | . | 21; 78 | . | . |
Scott45 | Intra-abdominal surgery complications, small bowel obstruction, and lysis of adhesions | GP questionnaire | . | . | 86-95 | . | . |
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | |||||||
Gu27 | Skin and subcutaneous tissue infections | Chart review | 95 | 98 | 80 | 100 | . |
Levine34 | Skin and soft tissue infections | Chart review | . | . | 53-92 | . | . |
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | |||||||
Coleman18 | Osteoarthritis | Chart review | 63 | 94 | 96 | 51* | 46 |
Dubreuil23 | Ankylosing spondylitis | GP questionnaire | 30-98 | . | 71-89 | . | . |
Kadhim-Saleh31 | Osteoarthritis | Primary audit of EMRs | 45 | 100 | 100 | 68 | . |
Nielen39 | Inflammatory arthritis | Chart review | . | . | 78 | . | . |
Williamson5 | Osteoarthritis | Chart review | 78 | 95 | 88 | 90 | . |
Zhou52 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Secondary care electronic patient records | 86-89 | 91-95 | 79-86 | . | . |
Diseases of the genitourinary system | |||||||
Afzal15 | Acute renal failure | Chart review | 62-71 | 88-92 | . | . | . |
Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities | |||||||
Charlton17 | Major congenital malformations | Chart review | . | . | 85 | . | . |
Hammad28 | Congenital cardiac malformations | GP questionnaire | . | . | 0-100 | . | . |
Abbreviations: ICD = International Classification of Diseases; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value.
indicates calculated values based upon published data.