Table II.

Upregulated glycogenes in HaCaT-E5 cells.

		Alteration of mRNA/enzyme in cancer
Gene/enzyme	Enzyme function	mRNA	Enzyme	Clinical relevance
ST3GAL3/ST3 β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase 3	Transfers sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to the structure Galβ1→3/4GlcNAc- and is involved in the synthesis of sialyl Lewis(a) (NeuAcα2→3Galb1→3 (Fucα1→4) GlcNAc-).	Upregulation in cervical cancer (12), breast cancer (23), extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (24), colorectal carcinoma (25), glioblastoma, renal clear cell carcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma (26). Downregulation in breast invasive carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma (26) and ovarian cancers (11).	High levels of enzyme activity in the tumor tissue correlated with secondary local tumor recurrence in gastric cancer (27).	In cervical carcinoma the overexpression of mRNA is associated with lymph node metastases (12). In breast cancer, high expression of mRNA is associated with poor prognosis (23).
ST6GAL1/ST6 β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	Transfers sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to the Galβ1→4GlcNAc structure on glycoproteins.	Upregulation in squamous cell carcinoma (12), breast cancer (23), extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (24), ovarian cancer (11), and colorectal carcinoma and non-metastasic colorectal tumors (28).	Increased enzyme expression in colon tumors (28), ovarian and pancreatic carcinomas (29,30). Increased enzyme activity in gastric and colorectal cancer (27,31).	In breast cancer, high expression of mRNA is associated with poor prognosis (23). In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma promotes chemoresistance to gemcitabine (32).
CHST2/carbohydrate sulfotransferase 2	Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3-phospho-5-adenylyl sulfate as donor to catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 6 of non-reducing GlcNAc within keratan-like structures on N-glycans and mucin-associated glycans.	Upregulation in breast cancer (33), osteosarcoma (34) and esophageal cancer (35). Increased enzyme in uterine cervical and corpus cancer (36).	Increased enzyme expression in metastasic osteosarcoma (34).	In osteosarcoma, weak protein expression is associated with improved survival (34).
MANBA/β-mannosidase	Exoglycosidase that cleaves the	Upregulation in dysplastic esophageal	No reports	Candidate for molecular
	single β-linked mannose residue	tissues and esophageal		target for early detection
	from the non-reducing end of N-glycoproteins oligosaccharides.	squamous cell carcinoma (37).		of esophageal cancer (37).

ST3GAL3, ST3 β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 3; ST6GAL1, β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1; bp, base pair.