Table 1.
Summary statistics (N = 87 clinicians)
| Source | Mean±Stand Dev. (Median) or Number (%) | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinician characteristics | |||
| Sex | Self-reported survey | ||
| Male | 12 (24) | ||
| Female | 63 (73) | ||
| Other | 2 (2) | ||
| Years worked at current clinic | Self-reported survey | ||
| Less than 1 | 11 (13) | ||
| 1-5 | 14 (16) | ||
| 6-10 | 17 (20) | ||
| 11-15 | 15 (17) | ||
| 16-20 | 30 (34) | ||
| Self-identified underrepresented minority | Self-reported survey | ||
| No | 70 (81) | ||
| Yes | 16 (19) | ||
| Perceived team culturea | Self-reported survey | 7.36 ± 1.38 (7.57) | 4.00-10 |
| Clinical FTEb | Administrative data | 0.45 ± 0.28 (0.43) | 0.1-1 |
| Complexity adjusted panel size per clinical FTEc | Administrative data | 1373.45 ± 639.22 (1450.50) | 22.52-2822.04 |
| Nurse practitioner | Self-reported survey | ||
| No | 78 (90) | ||
| Yes | 9 (10) | ||
| Scribed | Administrative data | ||
| No | 76 (87) | ||
| Yes | 11 (13) | ||
| Burnout | |||
| Cynicisme | Self-reported survey | ||
| Low | 57 (66) | ||
| High | 30 (34) | ||
| Exhaustione | |||
| Low | 43 (49) | ||
| High | 44 (51) | ||
| Subjective EHR measures | |||
| Perceived EHR proficiency | Self-reported survey | ||
| Optimal | 14 (16) | ||
| Good | 41 (47) | ||
| Satisfactory | 24 (28) | ||
| Marginal | 6 (7) | ||
| Poor | 2 (2) | ||
| Perceived burden of time spent on EHR at home | |||
| Optimal | 7 (8) | ||
| Modest | 8 (9) | ||
| Satisfactory | 12 (14) | ||
| Moderately high | 40 (46) | ||
| Excessive | 20 (23) | ||
| Objective, vendor-defined EHR measures | |||
| Minutes active on scheduled days after hours per clinical FTE per weekf | EHR-derived | 115.72 ± 123.76 (68.28) | 0.02-679.11 |
| Minutes active on unscheduled days per clinical FTE per week | 451.01 ± 427.35 (328.68) | 20.15-2525.83 | |
| Message volume per clinical FTE per week | 229.22 ± 101.10 (218.92) | 51.46-437.50 | |
| Proficiency compositeg | 4.24 ± 1.73 (3.87) | 1.49-8.70 | |
| Efficiency compositeh | 4.74 ± 1.93 (5.15) | 0-8.77 | |
Values are n (%) or mean ± SD (range).
EHR: electronic health record; FTE: full-time equivalent.
Mean response across 7 items based on different aspects of team culture; scale from 1 (poor team culture) to 10 (strong team culture).
The FTE of an individual's workload assigned to seeing patients in clinic or administrative patient care activities.
Number of patients on the clinician's active panel, weighted to adjust for patient complexity, per clinical FTE.
Whether or not the clinician is assigned a scribe to complete documentation.
Dichotomous Maslach Burnout Inventory cynicism subscale.
After hours designated as between 7 pm and 7 am.
Evaluation of how frequently a clinician takes advantage of the available EHR tools (eg, quick actions, preference lists, speed buttons, note templates, chart search), with higher scores reflecting greater proficiency.
Based on the amount of time a clinician spends in the system (0-10). If a clinician spends the amount of time in the system Epic predicts based on workload, the score is 5, with higher scores reflecting greater efficiency.