Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, echocardiographic characteristics and complications of cirrhosis between survivors and nonsurvivors at 1 year of follow-up
| Variables | Survivor (n = 92) | Nonsurvivor (n = 11) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.86 ± 15.57 | 74.00 ± 11.23 | 0.217 |
| Male | 66 (71.7) | 9 (81.8) | 0.478 |
| Cause of cirrhosis (%) | |||
| Viral | 63 (68.5) | 8 (72.9) | 1.000 |
| Alcohol | 8 (8.7) | 2 (18.2) | 0.315 |
| Other | 21 (22.8) | 1 (9.1) | 0.293 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 89.34 ± 14.08 | 89.00 ± 10.21 | 0.953 |
| Laboratory | |||
| Platelet, 1000/µL | 134.13 ± 103.56 | 141.84 ± 48.79 | 0.525 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 135.45 ± 0.73 | 137.45 ± 5.94 | 0.855 |
| Cr, mg/dL | 1.56 ± 1.30 | 2.03 ± 1.32 | 0.297 |
| TB, mg/dL | 1.34 ± 2.80 | 4.28 ± 6.34 | 0.062 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.38 ± 0.60 | 2.95 ± 0.48 | 0.031 |
| INR | 1.15 ± 0.23 | 1.11 ± 0.43 | 0.608 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes | 33 (35.9) | 6 (54.5) | 0.227 |
| Pulmonary | 15 (16.3) | 1 (9.1) | 0.532 |
| Hypertension | 64 (69.6) | 7 (63.6) | 0.688 |
| Congestive heart failure | 11 (12.0) | 2 (18.2) | 0.557 |
| Coronary artery disease | 24 (26.1) | 3 (27.3) | 0.933 |
| Renal | 22 (23.9) | 2 (18.2) | 0.671 |
| Neurologic | 7 (7.6) | 2 (18.2) | 0.241 |
| Malignancy | 31 (33.7) | 7 (63.6) | 0.094 |
| Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy | 60 (65.2) | 7 (63.6) | 0.917 |
| Presence of ascites | 16 (17.4) | 6 (54.5) | 0.004 |
| ALBI score | -2.11 ± 0.57 | -1.65 ± 0.41 | 0.016 |
| Child-Pugh score | 6.13 ± 1.29 | 8.18 ± 1.66 | <0.001 |
| MELD score | 13.2 ± 5.95 | 17.9 ± 7.75 | 0.025 |
| QTc, ms | 462.64 ± 46.02 | 472.25 ± 46.19 | 0.659 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||
| ESV, mL | 31.69 ± 18.57 | 45.51 ± 41.44 | 0.417 |
| EDV, mL | 69.96 ± 30.23 | 80.85 ± 44.64 | 0.565 |
| LVEF, % | 55.87 ± 11.72 | 51.59 ± 13.85 | 0.276 |
| E, cm/s | 85.26 ± 27.66 | 74.05 ± 27.23 | 0.219 |
| A, cm/s | 87.82 ± 26.16 | 82.65 ± 28.01 | 0.536 |
| Septal e′, cm/s | 6.13 ± 2.08 | 4.53 ± 2.14 | 0.116 |
| Septal E/e′ ratio | 16.49 ± 15.68 | 13.32 ± 4.54 | 0.557 |
| E/A ratio | 0.99 ± 0.55 | 0.93 ± 0.60 | 0.509 |
| RVSP, mmHg | 36.99 ± 15.69 | 42.17 ± 16.00 | 0.189 |
| DT, ms | 202.17 ± 107.91 | 218.18 ± 87.39 | 0.458 |
| ACEI/ARBs | 38 (41.3) | 2 (18.2) | 0.137 |
| NSBBsa | 11 (12.0) | 3 (27.3) | 0.161 |
| Statin | 17 (18.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.119 |
| Complications of cirrhosis | |||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 8 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.309 |
| Variceal bleeding | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| SBP | 3 (3.3) | 2 (18.2) | 0.087 |
| Acute kidney injuryb | 30 (36.1) | 5 (50.0) | 0.393 |
The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Pulmonary comorbidities included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Renal comorbidities included chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. Neurologic comorbidities included cerebral vascular accidents.
A = atrial (late) diastolic filling velocity; ACEI =angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ALBI = albumin-bilirubin; ARBs = angiotensin II receptor antagonist; Cr = creatinine; DT = early wave deceleration time; E = peak early filling velocity; e′ = early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/A = ratio of early and late diastolic velocity; E/e′ ratio = ratio of early diastolic velocity to peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity; EDV = end-diastolic volume; ESV = end-systolic volume; INR = international normalized ratio; LVEF = left ventricle ejection fraction; MELD = model for end-stage liver disease; NSBBs = nonselective β-adrenergic blocker; QTc = corrected QT interval; RVSP = right ventricular systolic pressure; SBP = spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; TB = total bilirubin.
aNSBBs include propranolol or carvedilol.
bExclude patients with end stage renal disease who received hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.