TABLE 1.

Changes in Opioid Overdose Responses and Intranasal Naloxone Use During COVID-19 Pandemic by Emergency Medical Services in the US

	N (%)
EMS responses for opioid overdoses have...
Decreased	24 (40)
Increased	11 (18)
No change	25 (42)
The percentage of EMS runs involving naloxone administration have….
Decreased	25 (42)
Increased	11 (18)
No change	24 (40)
Have you discouraged or prohibited the use of intranasal naloxone by the EMS agencies/system for which you and your colleagues at your institution provide medical oversight?
Discouraged and/or recommended alternative delivery methods	11 (18)
No change	47 (78)
We do not use intra-nasal naloxone in our system	02 (3)
Have other medical directors in your catchment area discouraged or prohibited the use of intranasal naloxone?
Discouraged and/or recommended alternative delivery methods	11 (18)
No change	49 (82)
Have any EMS agencies in your catchment area discontinued intranasal naloxone on their own initiative?
No	54 (90)
Yes	06 (10)
Have you authorized basic life support personnel to draw up and inject intramuscular naloxone (as some systems are doing with epinephrine), to avoid intranasal administration?
Considering but have not implemented	06 (10)
No	48 (80)
Yes	06 (10)
Have other medical directors in your area authorized basic life support personnel to draw up and inject intramuscular naloxone (as some systems are doing with epinephrine), to avoid intranasal administration?
Considering but have not implemented	06 (10)
No	48 (80)
Yes	06 (10)
Have any changes in naloxone administration options been made at the state-wide level in your state?
No changes	57 (95)
Other	02 (3)
State has discouraged using intranasal naloxone and/or recommended alternative delivery methods	01 (2)
Census region
Midwest	19 (32)
Northeast	12 (20)
South	17 (28)
West	12 (20)

EMS, Emergency medical services.