Table 4. Prevalence of stunted growth in the height-for-age indicator (Z > 2) in Colombian children aged between zero and four years per geographic area. Colombia, ENSIN-2015.
| Variable | Urban area (n = 8,735) | Rural area (n = 3,521) | aPRa (95%CI) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence (95%CI) | p | Prevalence (95%CI) | p | ||||
| Total | 9.0 (7.96–10.2) | 15.4 (13.7–17.3) | 0.004 | 1.2 (1.00–1.53) | 0.050 | ||
| Gender | 0.041 | 0.033 | |||||
| Male | 10.0 (8.67–11.6) | 17.4 (15.1–20.0) | 1.2 (0.97–1.59) | 0.087 | |||
| Female | 7.9 (6.52–9.61) | 13.3 (10.8–16.3) | 1.2 (0.85–1.84) | 0.246 | |||
| Age group (months) | 0.102 | 0.010 | |||||
| 0–11 | 5.4 (3.14–9.17) | 8.1 (5.32–12.1) | 2.2 (1.20–3.89) | 0.011 | |||
| 12–23 | 9.4 (7.31–12.1) | 16.2 (12.3–21.2) | 1.4 (0.81–2.52) | 0.220 | |||
| 24–35 | 12.3 (10.0–14.9) | 21.2 (17.3–25.7) | 0.9 (0.68–1.26) | 0.615 | |||
| 36–48 | 9.2 (7.43–11.3) | 16.7 (13.2–21.0) | 0.3 (0.83–2.15) | 0.227 | |||
| 48–59 | 8.8 (7.04–10.9) | 14.2 (11.1–18.1) | 1.2 (0.80–1.72) | 0.401 | |||
| Nutrition situation (weight-for-height) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Acute malnutrition (Z < −2) | 6.2 (3.14–12.0) | 16.7 (8.76–2.94) | 1.6 (0.40–6.20) | 0.491 | |||
| Normal | 8.9 (7.80–10.1) | 15.1 (13.3–17.1) | 1.2 (0.97–1.51) | 0.093 | |||
| Oerweight (Z > 2) | 12.2 (8.04–18.0) | 20.0 (12.5–30.4) | 1.7 (1.30–2.33) | < 0.001 | |||
| Household chief's educational level | < 0.001 | 0.020 | |||||
| Lower than primary school | 10.5 (8.14–13.4) | 18.3 (15.7–21.2) | 1.7 (1.21–2.50) | 0.003 | |||
| Lower than secondary school | 11.4 (9.33–13.9) | 13.0 (10.4–16.2) | 0.8 (0.58–1.20) | 0.326 | |||
| Lower than higher education | 7.3 (6.15–8.72) | 12.4 (8.02–18.6) | 1.5 (1.03–2.10) | 0.034 | |||
| Higher education or further | 4.8 (2.76–8.09) | 11.8 (2.22–44.0) | 2.3 (0.87–6.00) | 0.089 | |||
| Health insurance status | 0.011 | 0.639 | |||||
| Uninsured | 7.3 (5.78–9.16) | 13.3 (9.04–19.2) | 1.8 (1.07–2.94) | 0.027 | |||
| Subsidized | 10.5 (9.17–11.9) | 16.0 (14.1–18.1) | 1.1 (0.90–1.42) | 0.301 | |||
| Contributive/others | 9.0 (5.97–13.5) | 12.9 (8.48–19.2) | NA | NA | |||
| Food insecurityb | 0.081 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 8.6 (6.76–10.8) | 10.2 (7.96–13.0) | 0.8 (0.53–1.19) | 0.252 | |||
| Mild | 8.1 (6.72–9.84) | 13.1 (10.3–16.5) | 1.1 (0.79–1.65) | 0.470 | |||
| Moderate | 11.0 (8.92–13.5) | 18.8 (14.7–23.6) | 1.7 (1.09–2.59) | 0.019 | |||
| Severe | 11.8 (8.72–15.8) | 28.4 (24.3–33.0) | 1.5 (1.01–2.26) | 0.044 | |||
| Wealth index | 0.001 | 0.089 | |||||
| T1- poorest | 13.5 (10.8–16.8) | 16.3 (14.5–18.3) | 1.2 (0.91–1.52) | 0.203 | |||
| T2 | 10.0 (8.61–11.6) | 12.5 (7.99–19.0) | 1.3 (0.82–2.03) | 0.264 | |||
| T5- wealthiest | 7.5 (5.96–9.32) | 11.1 (1.58–49.1) | NA | NA | |||
| Ethnicity | 0.720 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mestizo | 9.0 (7.88–10.3) | 12.8 (11.0–14.9) | 1.0 (0.79–1.35) | 0.796 | |||
| Black/Afro-descendant | 5.7 (3.78–8.60) | 10.7 (7.97–14.3) | 1.4 (0.68–3.00) | 0.319 | |||
| Indigenous | 17.8 (11.9–25.8) | 34.0 (29.1–39.3) | 1.3 (0.75–2.34) | 0.312 | |||
| Region | 0.008 | 0.337 | |||||
| Central | 7.1 (5.53–9.15) | 15.5 (12.1–19.5) | 2.0 (1.02–3.76) | 0.043 | |||
| Atlantic | 8.7 (7.38–10.3) | 19.4 (16.7–22.4) | 1.0 (0.73–1.31) | 0.863 | |||
| Oriental | 8.3 (5.96–11.5) | 11.6 (8.93–14.8) | 0.9 (0.55–1.65) | 0.840 | |||
| Pacific | 7.5 (5.55–10.1) | 13.9 (9.77–19.4) | 1.4 (0.71–2.70) | 0.303 | |||
| Bogotá | 13.1 (9.43–17.9) | NO | NA | NA | |||
| Amazon/Orinoquia | 10.4 (8.93–12.1) | 16.2 (6.23–36.1) | NA | NA | |||
NO: no occurences; NA: not available.
a
aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio [rural/urban] found in a binomial model, having the wasting prevalence in the weight-for-height indicator, Z < −2, as the independent variable and area as the explanatory variable. Adjustment was applied by the following covariables: gender, age, stunted growth in height-for-age, Z < −2, household chief's educational level, health insurance, household food insecurity, wealth index, ethnicity and region
b
Based on ELCSA.