Table 3.
Echocardiographic Findings of Universiade Athletes in the Check-Up Your Heart Program (n = 723).
| Echo findings | Skilln = 192 (%) | Powern = 228 (%) | Mixedn = 171 (%) | Endurancen = 132 (%) | Totaln = 723 | P value |
| Interventricular septum (mm) | 9.58 ± 1.74 | 9.75 ± 1.89 | 9.91 ± 2.05 | 10.19 ± 2.11 | 9.83 ± 1.94 | .044 |
| LV posterior wall (mm) | 7.99 ± 1.47 | 8.22 ± 1.51 | 8.54 ± 1.61 | 8.85 ± 1.7 | 8.36 ± 1.59 | <.001 |
| LV End diastolic diameter (mm) | 48.17 ± 5.79 | 49.15 ± 5.49 | 49.4 ± 5.65 | 50.76 ± 5.05 | 49.26 ± 5.58 | .001 |
| LV End systolic diameter (mm) | 28.8 ± 4.820 | 29.97 ± 4.58 | 30.12 ± 4.94 | 30.50 ± 5.03 | 29.8 ± 4.85 | .09 |
| LV End diastolic volume index (ml/m2) | 6.16 ± 12.74 | 62.68 ± 12.59 | 62.49 ± 13.34 | 68.58 ± 13.42 | 63.34 ± 13.2 | <.001 |
| LV End systolic volume index (ml/m2) | 18.43 ± 5.96 | 19.53 ± 6.17 | 19.61 ± 6.9 | 21.22 ± 7.22 | 18.58 ± 6.56 | .003 |
| Stroke volume index (ml/m2) | 42.73 ± 10.39 | 43.15 ± 9.71 | 42.88 ± 9.72 | 47.35 ± 10.11 | 43.76 ± 10.1 | <.001 |
| LV ejection Fraction (%) | 69.95 ± 7.81 | 68.89 ± 7.32 | 68.84 ± 7.93 | 69.13 ± 8.21 | 69.2 ± 7.76 | .485 |
| LV global longitudinal strain (%) | 20.82 ± 3.35 | 20.77 ± 3.12 | 20.45 ± 3.18 | 20.65 ± 3.09 | 20.68 ± 3.19 | .725 |
| LV GLS | .903 | |||||
| >15% | 153 (95.6) | 177 (94) | 153 (94) | 115 (94) | 598 (95) | |
| <15% | 7 (4) | 11 (6) | 10 (6) | 7 (6) | 35 (6) | |
| LV mass index | 80.72 ± 16.45 | 84.59 ± 19.34 | 87.32 ± 21.79 | 97.74 ± 24.28 | 86.69 ± 21.06 | <.001 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | .146 |
| LV Geometry | <.001 | |||||
| Normal | 164 (90) | 195 (89) | 141 (83) | 93 (71) | 593 (84) | |
| Remodeling | 10 (5) | 13 (6) | 13 (8) | 6 (5) | 42 (6) | |
| Concentric Hypertrophy | 2 (1) | 3 (1) | 5 (3) | 9 (7) | 19 (3) | |
| Eccentric Hypertrophy | 6 (3) | 9 (4) | 12 (7) | 23 (18) | 50 (7) | |
| Left atrial volume index | 22.45 ± 9.07 | 22.89 ± 10.01 | 25.53 ± 11.98 | 25.15 ± 11.39 | 23.89 ± 10.67 | .018 |
| RA End systolic Area (cm2) | 15.71 ± 3.35 | 16.06 ± 4.18 | 16.8 ± 3.75 | 18.28 ± 5.05 | 16.56 ± 4.16 | <.001 |
| RV plax (mm) | 29.35 ± 5.99 | 30.08 ± 5.15 | 30.85 ± 5.8 | 30.83 ± 5.23 | 30.22 ± 5.58 | .042 |
| RV proximal (mm) | 30.04 ± 6.57 | 31.04 ± 6.11 | 32.34 ± 6.94 | 31.76 ± 5.97 | 31.24 ± 6.46 | .007 |
| RV base (mm) | 34.52 ± 4.97 | 34.77 ± 5.85 | 36.38 ± 5.41 | 37.51 ± 6.29 | 35.61 ± 5.73 | <.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 24.77 ± 4.35 | 25.46 ± 4.86 | 25.65 ± 5 | 26.71 ± 4.94 | 25.56 ± 4.81 | .006 |
| RV Longitudinal strain (%) | 24.01 ± 4.56 | 24.28 ± 4.86 | 23.96 ± 4.69 | 24.04 ± 4.75 | 24.08 ± 4.72 | .922 |
| RV GLS | .578 | |||||
| >20% | 135 (79) | 164 (85) | 131 (81) | 100 (82) | 530 (82) | |
| <20% | 35 (21) | 29 (15) | 30 (19) | 22 (18) | 116 (18) | |
| Mitral E Velocity (cm/s) | 94.17 ± 18.04 | 91.40 ± 17.83 | 88.96 ± 16.42 | 87.14 ± 17.52 | 90.73 ± 17.64 | .002 |
| Mitral A Velocity (cm/s) | 47.11 ± 11.06 | 47.24 ± 10.22 | 46.31 ± 11.31 | 45.82 ± 10.81 | 46.71 ± 10.81 | .595 |
| Mitral E/A | 2.09 ± 0.59 | 2.0 ± 0.51 | 2.02 ± 0.58 | 2.0 ± 0.63 | 2.02 ± 0.57 | .405 |
| E’ Medial Annulus (cm/s) | 14.18 ± 2.27 | 13.84 ± 2.39 | 13.86 ± 2.23 | 13.94 ± 2.43 | 13.95 ± 2.33 | .463 |
| E’ Lateral annulus (cm/s) | 17.93 ± 3.2 | 17.73 ± 3.06 | 17.37 ± 2.73 | 17.7 ± 2.96 | 17.69 ± 3.0 | .375 |
| Average E/E’ | 5.89 ± 1.27 | 5.86 ± 1.16 | 5.75 ± 1.05 | 5.56 ± 1.09 | 5.78 ± 1.15 | .054 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation jet (cm/s) | 1.68 ± 0.54 | 1.70 ± 0.51 | 1.74 ± 0.48 | 1.78 ± 0.49 | 1.72 ± 0.51 | .374 |
| RA Dilatation | 44 (25) | 64 (30) | 58 (35) | 62 (48) | 228 (33) | <.001 |
| LA Dilatation | 17 (11) | 25 (13) | 32 (20) | 27 (22) | 101 (16) | .026 |
| RV Dilatation | 18 (10) | 33 (15) | 35 (21) | 36 (28) | 122 (18) | <.001 |
| LV Dilatation | 10 (5) | 16 (7) | 11 (6) | 13 (10) | 5 (7) | .477 |