Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and evolution of 9 patients with lymphoma and visceral leishmaniasis from the literature.
| Article | Sex | Age | Lymphoma | Clinical manifestations | Marrow infiltration | Hematologicaltreatments | Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis | Recent travel | Species | Leishmania serology | Leishmania on BM | Leishmaniasistreatment | Cytopenias: evolution | Blood Leishmania PCR: evolution | Evolution |
| Casabianca et al. Seronegative visceral leishmaniasis with relapsing and fatal course following rituximab treatment. Infection. 2011;39(4):375–8. | M | 72 | Follicular lymphoma | Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy | Yes | Rituximab and polychemotherapy | After the diagnosis of lymphoma | No | Infantum | Negative | Yes | Ampho B | Persistent pancytopenia | Negativation and relapse | CR, then relapse—deceased |
| Cencini et al. Atypical clinical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2015;94(2):186. | M | 60 | Lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma | Splenomegaly and pancytopenia | Yes | Rituximab and bendamustine | ND | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Ampho B | Regression | NA | CR |
| Orlandi et al. Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking richter transformation. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55(12):2952–4. | M | 56 | Chronic lymphocyticleukemia | Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy | Yes | Rituximab and polychemotherapy, alemtuzumab | After the diagnosis of lymphoma | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Ampho B | Regression | NA | Partial remission, then relapse |
| Domingues et al. Coexistence of leishmaniasis and Hodgkin's lymphoma in a lymph node. J Clin Oncol. 2009;10;27(32):e184–5. | M | 15 | Hodgkin lymphoma | Weightloss, fever, lymphadenopathy | None | Polychemotherapy | After the diagnosis of lymphoma | NA | Infantum | NA | Yes | Ampho B | Regression | Negativation | CR, then relapse, and second CR |
| Evers et al. Visceral leishmaniasis clinically mimicking lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2014;93(5):885–7. | M | 57 | Splenic marginal zone lymphoma | Splenomegaly and pancytopenia | Yes | Splenectomy | Before the diagnosis of lymphoma | Spain | Infantum | Positive | Yes | Ampho B | Regression | Negativation | CR |
| Vase et al. Development of splenic marginal zone lymphoma in a HIV-negative patient with visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Haematol. 2012;128(1):20–2. | M | 60 | Splenic marginal zone lymphoma | Fever, splenomegaly and pancytopenia | Yes | Splenectomy and rituximab | Before the diagnosis of lymphoma | Mediterranean basin | Infantum | NA | NA | Ampho B | Regression | Negativation | CR |
| Osakwe et al. Visceral leishmaniasis with associated immune dysregulation leading to lymphoma. Mil Md. 2013;178(3):e386–9. | M | 50 | Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma | Fever, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash | Yes | Rituximab and polychemotherapy | After the diagnosis of lymphoma | Irak Afghanistan | NA | NA | NA | Ampho B | NA | NA | NA |
| Magnan et al. Visceral leishmaniasis associated with Hodgkin's disease: diagnostic difficulties. Rev Pneumol Clin. 1991;47(4):188-91. | F | 19 | Hodgkin lymphoma | Weight loss, fever, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and anemia | Yes | Polychemotherapy | Simultaneous | NA | NA | Positive | Yes | Meglumine and thenpentamidine | Regression | NA | CR |
| Liao et al. Concomitant T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and visceral leishmaniasis: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(38):e12410. | M | 50 | T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia | Weight loss, fever, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, skin darkening and pancytopenia | NA | NA | Simultaneous | China | Infantum | NA | Yes | Antimonium and Ampho B | NA | NA | Deceased |
| Case 1 | M | 60 | Lymphocytic lymphoma | Weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anemia | Yes | Rituximab and bendamustine | After the diagnosis of lymphoma | Gambia | Infantum | Positive | Yes | Ampho B | Regression | Negativation | CR |
| Case 2 | M | 46 | PTCL NOS | Fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, pancytopenia | Yes | 8 different chemotherapy | After the diagnosis of lymphoma | Algeria | infantym | NA | Yes | Ampho B | Regression | Negativation | CR then relapse |