Table 2.

Adjusted associations with loneliness.

Outcome	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Beta	SE	p value	Beta	SE	p value	Beta	SE	p value
Gait speed test (seconds)	0.192	0.022	<0.0001	0.097	0.026	0.0002	0.096	0.026	0.0003
Grip strength (right hand)	−0.382	0.097	<0.0001	−0.170	0.117	0.1471	−0.168	0.118	0.1530
400 m walk time	0.034	0.029	0.2451	0.038	0.035	0.2759	0.037	0.035	0.2839
SF-36 general health	0.140	0.011	<0.0001	0.035	0.012	0.0057	0.035	0.013	0.0058
HbA1c%	0.030	0.020	0.1372	0.009	0.023	0.6868	0.010	0.023	0.6632
	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI	p value
PAT-D > 1	1.470	1.313–1.645	<0.0001	1.243	1.085–1.424	0.0017	1.245	1.087–0.427	0.0016
PHQ-9 > 0	1.897	1.723–2.088	<0.0001	1.752	1.585–1.938	<0.0001	1.754	1.586–1.939	<0.0001
Taking antidepressants	1.319	1.242–1.401	<0.0001	1.126	1.048–1.211	0.0013	1.127	1.048–1.211	0.0012

Note. Model 1: adjusts for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Model 2: Model 1 plus depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) and antidepressant medication use. Also includes major diabetes med categories for HbA1c outcome (biguanide, insulin, sulfonylurea, and TZD) PHQ-9 outcome does not adjust for depressive symptoms. Taking antidepressants outcome does not adjust for antidepressant medication use. Model 3: Model 2 plus treatment arm.