Table 2.
Preliminary effects: pre-post intervention changes in psychosocial outcomes (n=45).
| Psychosocial outcomes | Baseline, mean (SD) | 3-month follow-up, mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value | ||||||
| Pain interference (BPIa)b | 4.5 (2.1) | 4.8 (2.1) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.8) | .31 | ||||||
| HRQoLc (RAND-36d) |
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Physical function | 60.9 (24.6) | 61.3 (25.4) | 0.4 (−3.1 to 3.9) | .80 |
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Role physical | 17.2 (31.5) | 27.2 (36.5) | 10.0 (−0.9 to 20.9) | .07 |
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Bodily pain | 35.3 (13.4) | 40.4 (15.9) | 5.1 (0.7 to 9.5) | .02 |
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General health | 46.3 (19.6) | 48.9 (19.7) | 2.6 (−1.2 to 6.3) | .18 |
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Vitality | 31.9 (21.0) | 34.1 (20.8) | 2.2 (−2.4 to 6.8) | .34 |
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Social function | 50.3 (24.9) | 52.8 (24.1) | 2.5 (−2.4 to 7.4) | .31 |
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Role emotional | 56.3 (45.4) | 66.7 (40.8) | 10.4 (−3.3 to 24.0) | .13 |
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Mental health | 63.7 (18.1) | 65.1 (17.9) | 1.3 (−1.2 to 3.8) | .29 |
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Change | 49.4 (25.3) | 55.0 (23.0) | 5.6 (0.0 to 11.1) | .049 |
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| Anxiety (HADS-Ae) | 7.9 (3.6) | 8.0 (4.0) | 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.9) | .96 | ||||||
| Depression (HADS-Df) | 5.8 (3.2) | 5.8 (3.9) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.6) | >.99 | ||||||
| Self-regulatory fatigue (SRF-18g) | 53.7 (9.2) | 53.3 (9.2) | 0.4 (−2.5 to 1.6) | .66 | ||||||
| Pain catastrophizing (PCSh) |
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Rumination | 7.4 (3.9) | 6.9 (4.0) | 0.6 (−1.3 to 0.2) | .12 |
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Magnification | 3.3 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.2) | 0.3 (−0.8 to 0.1) | .14 |
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Helplessness | 8.4 (4.8) | 7.6 (5.2) | 0.9 (−1.9 to 0.2) | .11 |
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Total score | 19.2 (9.9) | 17.4 (10.4) | 1.8 (−3.7 to 0.1) | .06 |
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| Chronic pain acceptance (CPAQi) |
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Willingness | 14.0 (2.8) | 13.1 (3.1) | 0.9 (−1.7 to −0.1) | .03 |
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Activity engagement | 14.3 (3.3) | 13.8 (3.3) | 0.5 (−1.4 to 0.4) | .23 |
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Total score | 28.3 (5.2) | 26.9 (5.3) | 1.4 (−2.7 to −0.2) | .02 |
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aBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.
bSubscale of the Brief Pain Inventory (score range 0-10; a higher score indicates higher interference in life).
cHRQoL: health-related quality of life.
dRAND-36: RAND 36-Item scale (score range 0-100; a higher score indicates higher emotional well-being).
eHADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale (score range 0-21; a higher score indicates a higher degree of anxiety).
fHADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale (score range 0-21; a higher score indicates a higher degree of depression).
gSRF-18: Self-regulatory Fatigue 18 scale (score range 18-90; a higher score indicates higher self-regulatory fatigue).
hPCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale (score range 0-52; a higher score indicates higher catastrophizing).
iCPAQ: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (score range 0-52; a higher score indicates a higher acceptance of pain).