Effect of S. boulardii on inflammatory factors mRNA expression of HD11 macrophages. HD11 cells were preincubated with S. boulardii (MOI = 100) for 6 h and then infected with C. perfringens (MOI = 100) for 3 h. Then total RNA was isolated, and the mRNA expression of IL-6 (A), TNF-α (B), iNOS (C), and IL-10 (D) was analyzed by real-time PCR. Results are mean ± SD for 3 independent experiments. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 (t test). ns indicates no significance (P > 0.05). Abbreviations: Cp, C. perfringens treated group; Ctr, control group; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MOI, multiplicity of infection; Sb, S. boulardii treated group; Sb + Cp, S. boulardii pretreated and then Cp infected group; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.