Table 5.

Effect of dietary PQQ·Na₂ supplementation on mRNA expression of cytokines in duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens challenged with LPS.

Items	Dietary PQQ·Na2 levels, mg/kg1				SEM	P-values
	1		0
	Saline	LPS	Saline	LPS		LPS	PQQ·Na2	Interaction
Day 21
IL-1β	0.56	0.69	1.01	1.23	0.14	0.033	<0.01	0.544
IL-6	0.86	1.13	1.01	1.95	0.52	0.038	0.086	0.229
IL-10	0.25	0.59	1.04	1.19	0.26	0.089	<0.01	0.467
Day 42
IL-1β	1.07b	1.21b	1.01b	2.04a	0.38	0.010	0.065	0.037
IL-6	1.18	1.08	1.00	1.22	1.27	0.703	0.927	0.284
IL-10	1.33	0.99	1.14	1.30	0.66	0.779	0.860	0.466

^a,bMeans with no common superscript within each row are significantly (P < 0.05) different.

P-values for main effect of LPS challenge, the main effect of dietary PQQ·Na₂, and the interaction between the dietary PQQ·Na₂ and LPS challenge.

Abbreviations: IL-1β, interleukin-1beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SEM, pooled standard error of the mean.

¹PQQ•Na₂, dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium supplementation; LPS, dietary treatment was injected LPS; saline, dietary treatment was injected saline.